TY - JOUR AB - Fatalities and injuries are mainly attributed to primary fragmentation if accidental or malevolent detonation of high-explosive munitions occurs in an open space. This study aims to develop a simulation-based approach to assess individual casualty risks from primary fragments naturally generated by detonation of high-explosive munitions, which enables a stochastic characterization of fragment generation, trajectories, modelling uncertainties, and human vulnerability. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example estimating the fatality and injury risks for an individual in a standing position exposed to the detonation of a single 105 mm projectile. The results suggest that, as expected, the individual fatality and injury risks decrease with an increasing stand-off distance. At a stand-off distance greater than 40 m, an individual is more likely to suffer injuries rather than fatality. The safety distance obtained from the present study is 97 m which is close to but less conservative than a safety distance of 104 m in existing literature and standards. AU - Qin, H AU - Stewart, MG DA - 2021/11/01 DO - 10.1016/j.ress.2021.107874 JO - Reliability Engineering and System Safety PB - Elsevier BV PY - 2021/11/01 SP - 107874 TI - Casualty Risks Induced by Primary Fragmentation Hazards from High-explosive munitions VL - 215 Y1 - 2021/11/01 Y2 - 2024/03/29 ER -