TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endochondral ossification (ECO) is essential for bone regeneration, involving cartilage formation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and ossification. Co-culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with endothelial cells (ECs) shows potential to enhance bone regeneration but has not been effectively applied to ECO strategy. METHODS: We examined the synergistic effects of MSCs and ECs on chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis, followed by transcriptomic analysis. ECO organoids were formed in the scaffolds, and a critical-sized calvarial bone defect model was used for in vivo evaluation. RESULTS: Co-culture of ECs and MSCs promoted osteogenic differentiation and hypertrophic chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. The ECO organoids exhibited enhanced vascularization and improved mineralization. In vivo, the co-culture group showed superior vascularization and bone repair compared to the MSCs-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Co-culturing ECs with MSCs in ECO organoids enhances bone regeneration, offering a promising alternative to traditional tissue engineering strategies. This approach may improve therapeutic outcomes by promoting endochondral bone formation.
AU  - Su, Y
AU  - He, Z
AU  - Li, J
AU  - Chen, Q
AU  - Wang, D
AU  - Yang, Z
AU  - Yuan, Y
AU  - Chen, L
AU  - Ye, F
AU  - Xing, D
AU  - Li, H
AU  - Lin, J
DA  - 2025/11/18
DO  - 10.1186/s13287-025-04733-4
JO  - Stem Cell Res Ther
PB  - BMC
PY  - 2025/11/18
SP  - 647
TI  - Synergistic promotion of bone regeneration through co-culture of endothelial cells with mesenchymal stem cells in endochondral ossification organoids.
VL  - 16
Y1  - 2025/11/18
Y2  - 2026/05/03
ER  -