TY  - CHAP
AB  - The practical application of recycled and marginal materials such as scrap tyres and mining by-products in railways is becoming more prevalent. This paper investigates the fundamental stress-strain behaviour of a granular waste matrix (steel furnace slags blended with coal wash and recycled rubber granules) to serve as the railway subballast. The findings indicate that the incorporation of rubber has a substantial impact on the geotechnical properties of the waste mixtures, especially the dilatancy response and the ability to attain the critical state. For the mixtures with a higher amount of rubber (20?40%) that could not achieve the critical state, extrapolation was adopted to obtain the critical state parameters. A critical state surface was developed by capturing the effect of rubber inclusions. Moreover, a semi-empirical model was established to predict the dilatancy response of the waste composites by modifying the critical state parameters and incorporating the energy input.
AU  - Qi, Y
AU  - Indraratna, B
DA  - 2026
DO  - 10.1007/978-981-95-5969-5_18
EP  - 148
JO  - Proceedings of The 17th International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics
PB  - Springer Nature
PY  - 2026
SP  - 143
TI  - The Modified Critical-State Framework of a Waste Mixture Concerning the Addition of Rubber
Y1  - 2026
Y2  - 2026/06/14
ER  -