http://hdl.handle.net/10453/30054 2026-07-22T06:44:39Z http://hdl.handle.net/10453/195758 Title: Effects of short- and long-term exercise training on cancer cells in vitro: Insights into the mechanistic associations. Authors: Bettariga, F; Taaffe, DR; Galvão, DA; Newton, RU Abstract: Exercise is a therapeutic approach in cancer treatment, providing several benefits. Moreover, exercise is associated with a reduced risk for developing a range of cancers and for their recurrence, as well as with improving survival, even though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that the acute effects of a single exercise session can suppress the growth of various cancer cell lines in vitro. This suppression is potentially due to altered concentrations of hormones (e.g., insulin) and cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) after exercise. These factors, known to be involved in tumorigenesis, may explain why exercise is associated with reduced cancer incidence, recurrence, and mortality. However, the effects of short- (<8 weeks) and long-term (≥8 weeks) exercise programs on cancer cells have been reported with mixed results. Although more research is needed, it appears that interventions incorporating both exercise and diet seem to have greater inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in both apparently healthy subjects as well as in cancer patients. Although speculative, these suppressive effects on cancer cells may be driven by changes in body weight and composition as well as by a reduction in low-grade inflammation often associated with sedentary behavior, low muscle mass, and excess fat mass in cancer patients. Taken together, such interventions could alter the systemic levels of suppressive circulating factors, leading to a less favorable environment for tumorigenesis. While regular exercise and a healthy diet may establish a more cancer-suppressive environment, each acute bout of exercise provides a further "dose" of anticancer medicine. Therefore, integrating regular exercise could potentially play a significant role in cancer management, highlighting the need for future investigations in this promising area of research. 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10453/195757 Title: Effects of Exercise or Diet or Combined Interventions on Treatment Efficacy of Chemotherapy for Cancer: A Systematic Review. Authors: Crespo-Garcia, C; Bettariga, F; Taaffe, DR; Peddle-McIntyre, CJ; Campbell, JP; Jeffery, E; Markarian, AM; Borsati, A; Avancini, A; Pilotto, S; Galvao, DA; Newton, RU Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While exercise and dietary interventions in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy have been demonstrated to be safe and feasible and improve patient-reported outcomes, the effects on treatment efficacy have not been widely examined and remain unclear. This review aimed to examine the effects of exercise, dietary, and combined interventions on tumour response and time-to-event outcomes in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS: A systematic review of intervention studies was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines Databases searched were PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. A total of 21 studies, involving 1,384 cancer patients, were included. Exercise interventions were studied in 13 studies, nine of which were controlled. Two studies reported improvements in tumour response, although none demonstrated a significant impact on survival outcomes. Dietary interventions were investigated in seven studies, all of which used either ketogenic diets or fasting-mimicking diets; three of these studies were controlled and recruited patients with breast cancer. Among all studies, three showed significant increases in tumour response and survival outcomes. Finally, only one study evaluated the combined effects of exercise and diet, reporting a significant increase in pathological complete response rates in the intervention group. Exercise and dietary interventions, particularly ketogenic and fasting-mimicking diets, may enhance tumour response and survival during chemotherapy in some cases. However, the current evidence is limited and inconsistent. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to better establish the efficacy of these interventions as adjuncts to chemotherapy. 2025-12-10T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10453/195756 Title: Effects of exercise on inflammation in female survivors of nonmetastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Authors: Bettariga, F; Taaffe, DR; Borsati, A; Avancini, A; Pilotto, S; Lazzarini, SG; Lopez, P; Maestroni, L; Crainich, U; Campbell, JP; Clay, TD; Galvão, DA; Newton, RU Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite advances in breast cancer treatment, recurrence remains common and contributes to higher mortality risk. Among the potential mechanisms, inflammation plays a key role in recurrence by promoting tumor progression. Exercise provides a wide array of health benefits and may reduce inflammation, potentially reducing mortality risk. However, the effects of exercise, including mode (ie, resistance training [RT], aerobic training [AT], and combined RT and AT) and program duration, on inflammatory biomarkers in breast cancer survivors remain to be elucidated. METHODS: A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and CENTRAL in August 2024. Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of exercise on interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included (n = 968). Exercise induced small to large statistically significant reductions in IL-6 (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.85; 95% CI = -1.68 to -0.02; P = .05) and TNF-α (SMD = -0.40; 95% CI = -0.81 to 0.01; P = .05) and a trend for a decrease in CRP. When stratifying by exercise mode, trends toward reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α were observed for combined exercise, while changes were not generally affected by exercise program duration. CONCLUSION: Exercise, especially combined RT and AT, can reduce pro-inflammatory biomarkers, and may be a suitable strategy to reduce inflammation in breast cancer survivors. However, further research is needed to investigate the effects of exercise mode and program duration on markers of inflammation in this survivor group. 2025-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10453/195755 Title: Scalable Subset Selection in Linear Mixed Models Authors: Thompson, R; Wand, MP; Wang, JJJ