Patterns of myopigenic activities with age, gender and ethnicity in Sydney schoolchildren

French, AN; Morgan, IG; Mitchell, P; Rose, KA

Patterns of myopigenic activities with age, gender and ethnicity in Sydney schoolchildren

French, AN

Morgan, IG Mitchell, P Rose, KA

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 2013, 33 (3), pp. 318 - 328
Issue Date:: 2013-05-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	French, AN https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8114-8127	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Morgan, IG	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Mitchell, P	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Rose, KA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-4145	en_US
dc.date.available	2013-02-12	en_US
dc.date.issued	2013-05-01	en_US
dc.identifier.citation	Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 2013, 33 (3), pp. 318 - 328	en_US
dc.identifier.issn	0275-5408	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/115995
dc.description.abstract	Purpose: To examine the patterns of myopigenic activity (high near work, low time outdoors) in children growing up in Sydney, Australia, by age, ethnicity and gender. Methods: The Sydney Adolescent Vascular and Eye Study (SAVES) re-examined children from the two age cohorts (6 and 12 years at baseline) from the Sydney Myopia Study (SMS). At 5-6 year follow-up, 863 in the younger cohort and 1196 in the older cohort had complete refraction data. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%; Canon RK-F1) was measured at baseline and follow-up. Children who became myopic (≤-0.50 dioptres spherical equivalent refraction) were those classified as non-myopic at baseline and myopic at follow-up. A detailed questionnaire was administered to measure weekly activities, including time spent outdoors and near work at both baseline and follow-up examination. Results: Overall, 128 (14.8%) children in the younger cohort and 210 (17.6%) in the older cohort became myopic. At follow-up, for both cohorts, children had significantly reduced the amount of time spent outdoors (younger cohort, p = 0.001, older cohort, p < 0.0001) and increased near work time (younger cohort, p < 0.0001, older cohort, p = 0.006). Children of East Asian ethnicity spent significantly less time outdoors by more than 7 h per week (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up, all p < 0.0001) and more time in near work activities by close to 3 h compared to European Caucasian children at all ages examined (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up all, p < 0.03). The average pattern of activity for girls differed from that of boys in a similar way (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up all, p < 0.0001). The two independent samples of 12 year-old children provided by follow-up in the younger cohort and baseline in the older cohort gave very similar answers to the questionnaire, with significant differences only evident for computer use (p = 0.001) and books read (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Answers to the activity questionnaire were very similar in the two cohorts of 12 year-olds, suggesting that the questionnaire gives reproducible answers. However, further work is required for validation. Children's pattern of activities become more myopigenic with age, and differed by gender and by ethnicity at all ages, with girls having a more myopigenic activity pattern than boys, and children of East Asian ancestry having a more myopigenic activity pattern than European Caucasian children. © 2013 The College of Optometrists.	en_US
dc.relation.ispartof	Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics	en_US
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1111/opo.12045	en_US
dc.subject.classification	Ophthalmology & Optometry	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Humans	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Myopia	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Questionnaires	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Analysis of Variance	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Cohort Studies	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Follow-Up Studies	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Age Factors	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Sex Factors	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Leisure Activities	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Reading	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Child	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Asian Continental Ancestry Group	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	European Continental Ancestry Group	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	New South Wales	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Female	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Male	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires	en_US
dc.title	Patterns of myopigenic activities with age, gender and ethnicity in Sydney schoolchildren	en_US
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	3	en_US
utslib.citation.volume	33	en_US
utslib.for	1113 Opthalmology and Optometry	en_US
utslib.for	1103 Clinical Sciences	en_US
utslib.for	1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences	en_US
pubs.embargo.period	Not known	en_US
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Graduate School of Health
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access
pubs.issue	3	en_US
pubs.publication-status	Published	en_US
pubs.volume	33	en_US

Abstract:

Purpose: To examine the patterns of myopigenic activity (high near work, low time outdoors) in children growing up in Sydney, Australia, by age, ethnicity and gender. Methods: The Sydney Adolescent Vascular and Eye Study (SAVES) re-examined children from the two age cohorts (6 and 12 years at baseline) from the Sydney Myopia Study (SMS). At 5-6 year follow-up, 863 in the younger cohort and 1196 in the older cohort had complete refraction data. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%; Canon RK-F1) was measured at baseline and follow-up. Children who became myopic (≤-0.50 dioptres spherical equivalent refraction) were those classified as non-myopic at baseline and myopic at follow-up. A detailed questionnaire was administered to measure weekly activities, including time spent outdoors and near work at both baseline and follow-up examination. Results: Overall, 128 (14.8%) children in the younger cohort and 210 (17.6%) in the older cohort became myopic. At follow-up, for both cohorts, children had significantly reduced the amount of time spent outdoors (younger cohort, p = 0.001, older cohort, p < 0.0001) and increased near work time (younger cohort, p < 0.0001, older cohort, p = 0.006). Children of East Asian ethnicity spent significantly less time outdoors by more than 7 h per week (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up, all p < 0.0001) and more time in near work activities by close to 3 h compared to European Caucasian children at all ages examined (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up all, p < 0.03). The average pattern of activity for girls differed from that of boys in a similar way (both cohorts at baseline and follow-up all, p < 0.0001). The two independent samples of 12 year-old children provided by follow-up in the younger cohort and baseline in the older cohort gave very similar answers to the questionnaire, with significant differences only evident for computer use (p = 0.001) and books read (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Answers to the activity questionnaire were very similar in the two cohorts of 12 year-olds, suggesting that the questionnaire gives reproducible answers. However, further work is required for validation. Children's pattern of activities become more myopigenic with age, and differed by gender and by ethnicity at all ages, with girls having a more myopigenic activity pattern than boys, and children of East Asian ancestry having a more myopigenic activity pattern than European Caucasian children. © 2013 The College of Optometrists.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/115995