ART-UP: A Novel Method for Generating Scanning-Robust Aesthetic QR Codes

Xu, M; Li, Q; Niu, J; Su, H; Liu, X; Xu, W; Lv, P; Zhou, B; Yang, Y

ART-UP: A Novel Method for Generating Scanning-Robust Aesthetic QR Codes

Xu, M Li, Q Niu, J Su, H Liu, X Xu, W Lv, P Zhou, B Yang, Y

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Publisher:: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications, 2021, 17, (1), pp. 1-23
Issue Date:: 2021-04-16

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Xu, M
dc.contributor.author	Li, Q
dc.contributor.author	Niu, J
dc.contributor.author	Su, H
dc.contributor.author	Liu, X
dc.contributor.author	Xu, W
dc.contributor.author	Lv, P
dc.contributor.author	Zhou, B
dc.contributor.author	Yang, Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X
dc.date.accessioned	2022-03-13T22:11:47Z
dc.date.available	2022-03-13T22:11:47Z
dc.date.issued	2021-04-16
dc.identifier.citation	ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications, 2021, 17, (1), pp. 1-23
dc.identifier.issn	1551-6857
dc.identifier.issn	1551-6865
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/155187
dc.description.abstract	Quick response (QR) codes are usually scanned in different environments, so they must be robust to variations in illumination, scale, coverage, and camera angles. Aesthetic QR codes improve the visual quality, but subtle changes in their appearance may cause scanning failure. In this article, a new method to generate scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes is proposed, which is based on a module-based scanning probability estimation model that can effectively balance the tradeoff between visual quality and scanning robustness. Our method locally adjusts the luminance of each module by estimating the probability of successful sampling. The approach adopts the hierarchical, coarse-to-fine strategy to enhance the visual quality of aesthetic QR codes, which sequentially generate the following three codes: a binary aesthetic QR code, a grayscale aesthetic QR code, and the final color aesthetic QR code. Our approach also can be used to create QR codes with different visual styles by adjusting some initialization parameters. User surveys and decoding experiments were adopted for evaluating our method compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, which indicates that the proposed approach has excellent performance in terms of both visual quality and scanning robustness.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
dc.relation.ispartof	ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1145/3418214
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subject	0803 Computer Software, 0805 Distributed Computing, 0806 Information Systems
dc.subject.classification	Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing
dc.title	ART-UP: A Novel Method for Generating Scanning-Robust Aesthetic QR Codes
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	17
utslib.for	0803 Computer Software
utslib.for	0805 Distributed Computing
utslib.for	0806 Information Systems
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - AAII - Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access	*
pubs.consider-herdc	false
dc.date.updated	2022-03-13T22:11:40Z
pubs.issue	1
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	17
utslib.citation.issue	1

Abstract:

Quick response (QR) codes are usually scanned in different environments, so they must be robust to variations in illumination, scale, coverage, and camera angles. Aesthetic QR codes improve the visual quality, but subtle changes in their appearance may cause scanning failure. In this article, a new method to generate scanning-robust aesthetic QR codes is proposed, which is based on a module-based scanning probability estimation model that can effectively balance the tradeoff between visual quality and scanning robustness. Our method locally adjusts the luminance of each module by estimating the probability of successful sampling. The approach adopts the hierarchical, coarse-to-fine strategy to enhance the visual quality of aesthetic QR codes, which sequentially generate the following three codes: a binary aesthetic QR code, a grayscale aesthetic QR code, and the final color aesthetic QR code. Our approach also can be used to create QR codes with different visual styles by adjusting some initialization parameters. User surveys and decoding experiments were adopted for evaluating our method compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, which indicates that the proposed approach has excellent performance in terms of both visual quality and scanning robustness.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/155187