Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.

Petersen, KS; Johnson, C; Mohan, S; Rogers, K; Shivashankar, R; Thout, SR; Gupta, P; He, FJ; MacGregor, GA; Webster, J; Santos, JA; Krishnan, A; Maulik, PK; Reddy, KS; Gupta, R; Prabhakaran, D; Neal, B

Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.

Petersen, KS Johnson, C Mohan, S Rogers, K

Shivashankar, R Thout, SR Gupta, P He, FJ MacGregor, GA Webster, J Santos, JA Krishnan, A Maulik, PK Reddy, KS Gupta, R Prabhakaran, D Neal, B

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Publisher:: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Journal of Hypertension, 2017, 35, (11), pp. 2207-2213
Issue Date:: 2017-11

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Petersen, KS
dc.contributor.author	Johnson, C
dc.contributor.author	Mohan, S
dc.contributor.author	Rogers, K https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-4298
dc.contributor.author	Shivashankar, R
dc.contributor.author	Thout, SR
dc.contributor.author	Gupta, P
dc.contributor.author	He, FJ
dc.contributor.author	MacGregor, GA
dc.contributor.author	Webster, J
dc.contributor.author	Santos, JA
dc.contributor.author	Krishnan, A
dc.contributor.author	Maulik, PK
dc.contributor.author	Reddy, KS
dc.contributor.author	Gupta, R
dc.contributor.author	Prabhakaran, D
dc.contributor.author	Neal, B
dc.date.accessioned	2022-08-22T04:47:37Z
dc.date.available	2022-08-22T04:47:37Z
dc.date.issued	2017-11
dc.identifier.citation	Journal of Hypertension, 2017, 35, (11), pp. 2207-2213
dc.identifier.issn	0263-6352
dc.identifier.issn	1473-5598
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/160680
dc.description.abstract	OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. RESULTS: A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)]. CONCLUSION: In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.
dc.format	Print
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
dc.relation.ispartof	Journal of Hypertension
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subject	1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1116 Medical Physiology
dc.subject.classification	Cardiovascular System & Hematology
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	Urine Specimen Collection
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	Urine Specimen Collection
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Urine Specimen Collection
dc.title	Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	35
utslib.location.activity	England
utslib.for	1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology
utslib.for	1103 Clinical Sciences
utslib.for	1116 Medical Physiology
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health/Public Health
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access	*
pubs.consider-herdc	false
dc.date.updated	2022-08-22T04:47:35Z
pubs.issue	11
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	35
utslib.citation.issue	11

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. RESULTS: A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)]. CONCLUSION: In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/160680