Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Urban and Rural Areas in India: A Population Survey of 1395 Persons.

Johnson, C; Mohan, S; Rogers, K; Shivashankar, R; Thout, SR; Gupta, P; He, FJ; MacGregor, GA; Webster, J; Krishnan, A; Maulik, PK; Reddy, KS; Prabhakaran, D; Neal, B

Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Urban and Rural Areas in India: A Population Survey of 1395 Persons.

Johnson, C Mohan, S Rogers, K

Shivashankar, R Thout, SR Gupta, P He, FJ MacGregor, GA Webster, J Krishnan, A Maulik, PK Reddy, KS Prabhakaran, D Neal, B

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Publisher:: Wiley
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017, 6, (1), pp. 1-17
Issue Date:: 2017-01-06

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Johnson, C
dc.contributor.author	Mohan, S
dc.contributor.author	Rogers, K https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-4298
dc.contributor.author	Shivashankar, R
dc.contributor.author	Thout, SR
dc.contributor.author	Gupta, P
dc.contributor.author	He, FJ
dc.contributor.author	MacGregor, GA
dc.contributor.author	Webster, J
dc.contributor.author	Krishnan, A
dc.contributor.author	Maulik, PK
dc.contributor.author	Reddy, KS
dc.contributor.author	Prabhakaran, D
dc.contributor.author	Neal, B
dc.date.accessioned	2022-08-22T05:17:32Z
dc.date.available	2022-08-22T05:17:32Z
dc.date.issued	2017-01-06
dc.identifier.citation	Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017, 6, (1), pp. 1-17
dc.identifier.issn	2047-9980
dc.identifier.issn	2047-9980
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/160684
dc.description.abstract	BACKGROUND: The scientific evidence base in support of population-wide salt reduction is strong, but current high-quality data about salt intake levels in India are mostly absent. This project sought to estimate daily salt consumption levels in selected communities of Delhi and Haryana in north India and Andhra Pradesh in south India. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 24-hour urine samples were collected using an age- and sex-stratified sampling strategy in rural, urban, and slum areas. Salt intake estimates were made for the overall population of each region and for major subgroups by weighting the survey data for the populations of Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Complete 24-hour urine samples were available for 637 participants from Delhi and Haryana and 758 from Andhra Pradesh (65% and 68% response rates, respectively). Weighted mean population 24-hour urine excretion of salt was 8.59 g/day (95% CI 7.68-9.51) in Delhi and Haryana and 9.46 g/day (95% CI 9.06-9.85) in Andhra Pradesh (P=0.097). Estimates inflated to account for the minimum likely nonurinary losses of sodium provided corresponding estimates of daily salt intake of 9.45 g/day (95% CI 8.45-10.46) and 10.41 g/day (95% CI 9.97-10.84), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Salt consumption in India is high, with mean population intake well above the World Health Organization recommended maximum of 5 g/day. A national salt reduction program would likely avert much premature death and disability.
dc.format	Electronic
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	Wiley
dc.relation.ispartof	Journal of the American Heart Association
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1161/JAHA.116.004547
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Male
dc.subject.mesh	Middle Aged
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	Young Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Male
dc.subject.mesh	Middle Aged
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	Young Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride
dc.subject.mesh	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
dc.subject.mesh	Cross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.mesh	Poverty Areas
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Middle Aged
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Urban Population
dc.subject.mesh	India
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Male
dc.subject.mesh	Young Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Surveys and Questionnaires
dc.title	Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Urban and Rural Areas in India: A Population Survey of 1395 Persons.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	6
utslib.location.activity	England
utslib.for	1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health/Public Health
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
pubs.consider-herdc	false
dc.date.updated	2022-08-22T05:17:29Z
pubs.issue	1
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	6
utslib.citation.issue	1

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The scientific evidence base in support of population-wide salt reduction is strong, but current high-quality data about salt intake levels in India are mostly absent. This project sought to estimate daily salt consumption levels in selected communities of Delhi and Haryana in north India and Andhra Pradesh in south India. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 24-hour urine samples were collected using an age- and sex-stratified sampling strategy in rural, urban, and slum areas. Salt intake estimates were made for the overall population of each region and for major subgroups by weighting the survey data for the populations of Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Complete 24-hour urine samples were available for 637 participants from Delhi and Haryana and 758 from Andhra Pradesh (65% and 68% response rates, respectively). Weighted mean population 24-hour urine excretion of salt was 8.59 g/day (95% CI 7.68-9.51) in Delhi and Haryana and 9.46 g/day (95% CI 9.06-9.85) in Andhra Pradesh (P=0.097). Estimates inflated to account for the minimum likely nonurinary losses of sodium provided corresponding estimates of daily salt intake of 9.45 g/day (95% CI 8.45-10.46) and 10.41 g/day (95% CI 9.97-10.84), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Salt consumption in India is high, with mean population intake well above the World Health Organization recommended maximum of 5 g/day. A national salt reduction program would likely avert much premature death and disability.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/160684