Exploiting Blockchain and RMCV-Based Malicious Node Detection in ETD-LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networks

Khan, AU; Sajid, MBE; Rauf, A; Saqib, MN; Zaman, F; Javaid, N

Exploiting Blockchain and RMCV-Based Malicious Node Detection in ETD-LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networks

Khan, AU Sajid, MBE Rauf, A Saqib, MN Zaman, F Javaid, N

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Publisher:: Hindawi-Wiley
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 2022, pp. 1-15
Issue Date:: 2022-01-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Khan, AU
dc.contributor.author	Sajid, MBE
dc.contributor.author	Rauf, A
dc.contributor.author	Saqib, MN
dc.contributor.author	Zaman, F
dc.contributor.author	Javaid, N
dc.contributor.editor	Alamoodi, AH
dc.date.accessioned	2023-07-01T22:18:13Z
dc.date.available	2023-07-01T22:18:13Z
dc.date.issued	2022-01-01
dc.identifier.citation	Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 2022, pp. 1-15
dc.identifier.issn	1530-8669
dc.identifier.issn	1530-8677
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/171073
dc.description.abstract	In this paper, a routing protocol based on energy temperature degree-low energy-adaptive clustering hierarchy (ETD-LEACH) is proposed. In the protocol, nodes consume less energy when transmitting data, which improves the network lifetime. The proposed protocol selects the cluster heads (CHs) on the bases of degree, temperature, and energy to perform routing. Moreover, for solving the issue of a single point of failure, the blockchain is utilized. The data transactions are also housed in the blockchain, which is deployed on the CHs and BSs, as, in blockchain, multiple nodes take part. Therefore, to perform a consensus between them, a proof-of-authority (PoA) consensus mechanism is used in the underlying work. In the blockchain, the secure hashing algorithm-256 (SHA-256) is used for secure hashing of data transactions. Furthermore, malicious nodes are detected during the routing using the real-time message content validation (RMCV) scheme in the ETD-LEACH protocol. The proposed model is evaluated under the denial-of-service (DoS) attack, the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, and the smart contract analysis performed by the Oyente tool. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated through simulations. The ETD-LEACH and energy threshold-low energy-adaptive clustering hierarchy (ETH-LEACH) protocols are compared using different parameters like number of alive nodes, energy consumption, throughput, and delay. ETD-LEACH consumes less energy and has a better network lifetime as compared to ETH-LEACH. In addition, the RMCV-ETD-LEACH network performance is better than that of both DoS-ETD-LEACH and MITM-ETD-LEACH. Moreover, PoA transaction cost is less than that of proof of work. Also, the execution time of SHA-256 is less than the execution time of SHA-512. Moreover, the value of the packet delivery ratio (PDR) is found to be 89.9% and 99.9% with and without the malicious nodes, respectively.
dc.language	en
dc.publisher	Hindawi-Wiley
dc.relation.ispartof	Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1155/2022/7281872
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	0805 Distributed Computing, 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1005 Communications Technologies
dc.subject.classification	Networking & Telecommunications
dc.title	Exploiting Blockchain and RMCV-Based Malicious Node Detection in ETD-LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networks
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	2022
utslib.for	0805 Distributed Computing
utslib.for	0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering
utslib.for	1005 Communications Technologies
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Computer Science
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
pubs.consider-herdc	false
dc.date.updated	2023-07-01T22:18:12Z
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	2022

Abstract:

In this paper, a routing protocol based on energy temperature degree-low energy-adaptive clustering hierarchy (ETD-LEACH) is proposed. In the protocol, nodes consume less energy when transmitting data, which improves the network lifetime. The proposed protocol selects the cluster heads (CHs) on the bases of degree, temperature, and energy to perform routing. Moreover, for solving the issue of a single point of failure, the blockchain is utilized. The data transactions are also housed in the blockchain, which is deployed on the CHs and BSs, as, in blockchain, multiple nodes take part. Therefore, to perform a consensus between them, a proof-of-authority (PoA) consensus mechanism is used in the underlying work. In the blockchain, the secure hashing algorithm-256 (SHA-256) is used for secure hashing of data transactions. Furthermore, malicious nodes are detected during the routing using the real-time message content validation (RMCV) scheme in the ETD-LEACH protocol. The proposed model is evaluated under the denial-of-service (DoS) attack, the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, and the smart contract analysis performed by the Oyente tool. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated through simulations. The ETD-LEACH and energy threshold-low energy-adaptive clustering hierarchy (ETH-LEACH) protocols are compared using different parameters like number of alive nodes, energy consumption, throughput, and delay. ETD-LEACH consumes less energy and has a better network lifetime as compared to ETH-LEACH. In addition, the RMCV-ETD-LEACH network performance is better than that of both DoS-ETD-LEACH and MITM-ETD-LEACH. Moreover, PoA transaction cost is less than that of proof of work. Also, the execution time of SHA-256 is less than the execution time of SHA-512. Moreover, the value of the packet delivery ratio (PDR) is found to be 89.9% and 99.9% with and without the malicious nodes, respectively.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/171073