Inequalities in the prevalence of full immunization coverage among one-year-olds in Ghana, 1993-2014.

Budu, E; Opoku Ahinkorah, B; Okyere, J; Seidu, A-A; Ofori Duah, H

Inequalities in the prevalence of full immunization coverage among one-year-olds in Ghana, 1993-2014.

Budu, E Opoku Ahinkorah, B Okyere, J Seidu, A-A Ofori Duah, H

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Publisher:: Elsevier
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Vaccine, 2022, 40, (26), pp. 3614-3620
Issue Date:: 2022-06-09

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Budu, E
dc.contributor.author	Opoku Ahinkorah, B
dc.contributor.author	Okyere, J
dc.contributor.author	Seidu, A-A
dc.contributor.author	Ofori Duah, H
dc.date.accessioned	2023-07-03T01:45:20Z
dc.date.available	2022-04-25
dc.date.available	2023-07-03T01:45:20Z
dc.date.issued	2022-06-09
dc.identifier.citation	Vaccine, 2022, 40, (26), pp. 3614-3620
dc.identifier.issn	0264-410X
dc.identifier.issn	1873-2518
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/171125
dc.description.abstract	BACKGROUND: We examined the inequalities in the prevalence of full immunization coverage among one-year-olds in Ghana using nationally representative data from the 1993-2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHSs). METHODS: Using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software, data from the 1993-2014 GDHSs were analyzed. We disaggregated full immunization by five equity stratifiers: wealth quintile, education, sex, residence, and region. Second, we measured the inequality through summary measures, namely Difference, Population Attributable Risk, Ratio, and Population Attributable Fraction. Statistical significance was pegged at 95% Uncertainty Interval. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2014, full immunization was higher among children born to mothers of the richest wealth index compared with those born to mothers of the poorest wealth index. Children with highly educated mothers dominated in full immunization coverage from 1993 (86.67%; UI = 70.38, 94.68] to 2014 (79.90%; UI = 73.94, 84.78). Within the same period, children of women without education recorded the least prevalence. Full immunization coverage was high among urban children in 1993 (71.07%; UI = 63.20, 77.84) but favoured rural children in 2008 (80.09%; UI = 74.30, 84.84) and 2014 (79.50%; UI = 74.00, 84.09) compared to urban children. More females were fully immunized in 1993 (56.68%; UI = 50.32, 62.82). In 2003, 2008 and 2014, Volta region (82.29%; UI = 70.32, 90.11), Brong Ahafo (93.94%; UI = 82.00, 98.14) and Upper East (95.27%; UI = 87.35, 98.32) regions dominated in full immunization coverage respectively. CONCLUSION: The inequality estimates revealed significant socio-economic inequality in full immunization coverage between 1993 and 2014 in Ghana. Similarly, urban children and children of women with secondary or higher education were predominantly fully immunized. To accelerate full immunization, policy makers should consider these disparities in the implementation of policies on childhood immunization in Ghana.
dc.format	Print-Electronic
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	Elsevier
dc.relation.ispartof	Vaccine
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.081
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subject	06 Biological Sciences, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences
dc.subject.classification	Virology
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Ghana
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Prevalence
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Socioeconomic Factors
dc.subject.mesh	Vaccination Coverage
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Prevalence
dc.subject.mesh	Socioeconomic Factors
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Ghana
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Vaccination Coverage
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Female
dc.subject.mesh	Ghana
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Prevalence
dc.subject.mesh	Rural Population
dc.subject.mesh	Socioeconomic Factors
dc.subject.mesh	Vaccination Coverage
dc.title	Inequalities in the prevalence of full immunization coverage among one-year-olds in Ghana, 1993-2014.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	40
utslib.location.activity	Netherlands
utslib.for	06 Biological Sciences
utslib.for	07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
utslib.for	11 Medical and Health Sciences
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/DVC (Research)
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access	*
dc.date.updated	2023-07-03T01:45:19Z
pubs.issue	26
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	40
utslib.citation.issue	26

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: We examined the inequalities in the prevalence of full immunization coverage among one-year-olds in Ghana using nationally representative data from the 1993-2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHSs). METHODS: Using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software, data from the 1993-2014 GDHSs were analyzed. We disaggregated full immunization by five equity stratifiers: wealth quintile, education, sex, residence, and region. Second, we measured the inequality through summary measures, namely Difference, Population Attributable Risk, Ratio, and Population Attributable Fraction. Statistical significance was pegged at 95% Uncertainty Interval. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2014, full immunization was higher among children born to mothers of the richest wealth index compared with those born to mothers of the poorest wealth index. Children with highly educated mothers dominated in full immunization coverage from 1993 (86.67%; UI = 70.38, 94.68] to 2014 (79.90%; UI = 73.94, 84.78). Within the same period, children of women without education recorded the least prevalence. Full immunization coverage was high among urban children in 1993 (71.07%; UI = 63.20, 77.84) but favoured rural children in 2008 (80.09%; UI = 74.30, 84.84) and 2014 (79.50%; UI = 74.00, 84.09) compared to urban children. More females were fully immunized in 1993 (56.68%; UI = 50.32, 62.82). In 2003, 2008 and 2014, Volta region (82.29%; UI = 70.32, 90.11), Brong Ahafo (93.94%; UI = 82.00, 98.14) and Upper East (95.27%; UI = 87.35, 98.32) regions dominated in full immunization coverage respectively. CONCLUSION: The inequality estimates revealed significant socio-economic inequality in full immunization coverage between 1993 and 2014 in Ghana. Similarly, urban children and children of women with secondary or higher education were predominantly fully immunized. To accelerate full immunization, policy makers should consider these disparities in the implementation of policies on childhood immunization in Ghana.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/171125