A 3-D Printed Broadband Wide-Angle Multi-Beam Flat GRIN Lens Aided by Multifocal Ray-Path Analyses

Song, LZ; Diao, YZ; Qin, PY; Ansari, M; Von Loesecke, J; Maci, S; Guo, YJ

A 3-D Printed Broadband Wide-Angle Multi-Beam Flat GRIN Lens Aided by Multifocal Ray-Path Analyses

Song, LZ Diao, YZ Qin, PY Ansari, M

Von Loesecke, J Maci, S Guo, YJ

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Publisher:: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, pp. 1-1
Issue Date:: 2024-01-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Song, LZ
dc.contributor.author	Diao, YZ
dc.contributor.author	Qin, PY
dc.contributor.author	Ansari, M https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-1251
dc.contributor.author	Von Loesecke, J
dc.contributor.author	Maci, S
dc.contributor.author	Guo, YJ
dc.date.accessioned	2024-09-15T08:46:39Z
dc.date.available	2024-09-15T08:46:39Z
dc.date.issued	2024-01-01
dc.identifier.citation	IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, pp. 1-1
dc.identifier.issn	0018-926X
dc.identifier.issn	1558-2221
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/180825
dc.description.abstract	An analysis of actual optical ray paths in flat gradient-index (GRIN) lenses for multifocal multi-beam radiations is introduced in this paper. The formulation is rigorously established using the conservation of momentum applied to an offset focal point for the extreme beam generation. Assisted by the above analysis, a new lens design approach for GRIN profile synthesis is proposed with two extreme focal points, and then extended to determine a convenient locus of feed that allows for covering the scanning range with minimal overall aperture phase errors. The ray-path errors have been tested and compared with those of previously reported multi-beam GRIN lenses, which were based on a straight, parallel ray-path assumption inside the lens. The superiority and generality of the new design formulas have been proven by comparing lens prototypes from the two different methods. It is demonstrated that the proposed one can enable consistent gain enhancement for multiple beams at different operating frequencies. Finally, the new design method has been validated by implementing an all-dielectric 3-D printed seven-beam flat GRIN lens. A wide beam coverage of ±44° has been realized with measured scanning losses between 1.2-2.93 dB at different frequencies. The measured 3-dB gain bandwidth is 42.8% covering 12.3-19 GHz.
dc.language	en
dc.publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dc.relation.ispartof	IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1109/TAP.2024.3444316
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
dc.subject	0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1005 Communications Technologies
dc.subject.classification	Networking & Telecommunications
dc.subject.classification	4006 Communications engineering
dc.subject.classification	4008 Electrical engineering
dc.subject.classification	4009 Electronics, sensors and digital hardware
dc.title	A 3-D Printed Broadband Wide-Angle Multi-Beam Flat GRIN Lens Aided by Multifocal Ray-Path Analyses
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.for	0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering
utslib.for	1005 Communications Technologies
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Strength - GBDTC - Global Big Data Technologies
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Electrical and Data Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/All Manual Groups
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/All Manual Groups/Global Big Data Technologies Research Centre (GBDTC)
utslib.copyright.status	embargoed	*
utslib.copyright.embargo	2026-01-01T00:00:00+1000Z
dc.date.updated	2024-09-15T08:46:36Z
pubs.publication-status	Published

Abstract:

An analysis of actual optical ray paths in flat gradient-index (GRIN) lenses for multifocal multi-beam radiations is introduced in this paper. The formulation is rigorously established using the conservation of momentum applied to an offset focal point for the extreme beam generation. Assisted by the above analysis, a new lens design approach for GRIN profile synthesis is proposed with two extreme focal points, and then extended to determine a convenient locus of feed that allows for covering the scanning range with minimal overall aperture phase errors. The ray-path errors have been tested and compared with those of previously reported multi-beam GRIN lenses, which were based on a straight, parallel ray-path assumption inside the lens. The superiority and generality of the new design formulas have been proven by comparing lens prototypes from the two different methods. It is demonstrated that the proposed one can enable consistent gain enhancement for multiple beams at different operating frequencies. Finally, the new design method has been validated by implementing an all-dielectric 3-D printed seven-beam flat GRIN lens. A wide beam coverage of ±44° has been realized with measured scanning losses between 1.2-2.93 dB at different frequencies. The measured 3-dB gain bandwidth is 42.8% covering 12.3-19 GHz.

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:

http://hdl.handle.net/10453/180825