Novel Approach for Fresh Urine Stabilization during Collection and Storage

Liu, H; Merenda, A; Guo, M; Kim, J; Phuntsho, S; Shon, H; Sun, P

Novel Approach for Fresh Urine Stabilization during Collection and Storage

Liu, H Merenda, A

Guo, M Kim, J Phuntsho, S Shon, H

Sun, P

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Publisher:: AMER CHEMICAL SOC
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 2024, 11, (8), pp. 895-900
Issue Date:: 2024-08-13

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Liu, H
dc.contributor.author	Merenda, A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-0330
dc.contributor.author	Guo, M
dc.contributor.author	Kim, J
dc.contributor.author	Phuntsho, S
dc.contributor.author	Shon, H https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-7169
dc.contributor.author	Sun, P
dc.date.accessioned	2024-10-09T03:00:53Z
dc.date.available	2024-10-09T03:00:53Z
dc.date.issued	2024-08-13
dc.identifier.citation	Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 2024, 11, (8), pp. 895-900
dc.identifier.issn	2328-8930
dc.identifier.issn	2328-8930
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/181304
dc.description.abstract	Waterless urinals are critical in urine diversion systems aimed at nutrient recovery for a circular economy. However, the existence of urease can trigger urea hydrolysis, causing mineral precipitation in waterless urinals and pipes, which leads to nitrogen loss and unpleasant odors. This research focuses on creating a urine stabilization product (USP) by combining camphor, ketone, and citric acid in specific ratios to prevent urea hydrolysis in waterless urinals. The effectiveness of the USP was evaluated using pH, urea, phosphate, and ammonium data in real urine samples. The results showed that the USP inhibited 70% of urea hydrolysis and reduced the pH. The introduction of camphor was found to decrease the diversity of the microbial community, while the Kathon preservative serves as the key active ingredient, significantly affecting urea hydrolysis rates during storage. The developed USP demonstrated a rate of inhibition of the total biomass in urine of ∼80%, with only slight bacterial regrowth over 9 days. Practically, the USP is expected to treat ≤300 L of urine, which is roughly equivalent to 2000 instances of urination. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to develop a slow-release USP specifically designed to inhibit urea hydrolysis in waterless urinals.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	AMER CHEMICAL SOC
dc.relation.ispartof	Environmental Science and Technology Letters
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00497
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.subject	0502 Environmental Science and Management, 0907 Environmental Engineering, 1002 Environmental Biotechnology
dc.subject.classification	4004 Chemical engineering
dc.subject.classification	4105 Pollution and contamination
dc.title	Novel Approach for Fresh Urine Stabilization during Collection and Storage
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	11
utslib.for	0502 Environmental Science and Management
utslib.for	0907 Environmental Engineering
utslib.for	1002 Environmental Biotechnology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Strength - CTWW - Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups/Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment (CTWW)
utslib.copyright.status	recently_added	*
dc.date.updated	2024-10-09T03:00:49Z
pubs.issue	8
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	11
utslib.citation.issue	8

Abstract:

Waterless urinals are critical in urine diversion systems aimed at nutrient recovery for a circular economy. However, the existence of urease can trigger urea hydrolysis, causing mineral precipitation in waterless urinals and pipes, which leads to nitrogen loss and unpleasant odors. This research focuses on creating a urine stabilization product (USP) by combining camphor, ketone, and citric acid in specific ratios to prevent urea hydrolysis in waterless urinals. The effectiveness of the USP was evaluated using pH, urea, phosphate, and ammonium data in real urine samples. The results showed that the USP inhibited 70% of urea hydrolysis and reduced the pH. The introduction of camphor was found to decrease the diversity of the microbial community, while the Kathon preservative serves as the key active ingredient, significantly affecting urea hydrolysis rates during storage. The developed USP demonstrated a rate of inhibition of the total biomass in urine of ∼80%, with only slight bacterial regrowth over 9 days. Practically, the USP is expected to treat ≤300 L of urine, which is roughly equivalent to 2000 instances of urination. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to develop a slow-release USP specifically designed to inhibit urea hydrolysis in waterless urinals.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/181304