A fundamental study of epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide on silicon for mid-infrared nanophotonics

Rufangura, Patrick

A fundamental study of epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide on silicon for mid-infrared nanophotonics

Rufangura, Patrick

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Publication Type:: Thesis
Issue Date:: 2021

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Rufangura, Patrick
dc.date.accessioned	2022-06-01T01:37:17Z
dc.date.available	2022-06-01T01:37:17Z
dc.date.issued	2021
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/157856
dc.description	University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.	en_US.UTF-8
dc.description.abstract	The ability to control light and matter interactions at the nanoscale is a key scope of nanophotonics. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) range of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum hosts several molecular vibrational fingerprints, making it an exciting spectrum for many applications such as exhaled breath detection, cancerous tissue diagnosis, water quality monitoring, greenhouse gas detection, machine vision, and navigation. Plasmonics has enabled sub-diffraction confinement and manipulation of light. However, the high losses and lack of dynamic tunability characterising the conventional metal plasmonics in the MIR ranges represent a bottleneck for further progress. This work demonstrates that the combination of graphene and silicon carbide can enhance MIR absorption, detected field strength, and confinement. In particular, the possibility of combining the tunable nature of graphene surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with low loss surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) supported in SiC offers great promise. The epitaxial graphene (EG) platform technology on cubic silicon carbide on silicon wafer has substantially advanced over the last decade and offers a straightforward, site-selective, and CMOS compatible platform for developing tailored metasurfaces made of any complex EG/SiC pattern at the wafer -scale. This thesis combines electromagnetic simulations and experimental characterisations to reveal the fundamental optical properties of EG/SiC/Si using a forest of silicon carbide nanowires grown bottom-up on silicon as a test platform. We first demonstrate that a large wavevectors mismatch between graphene’s plasmon and incident photon hinders graphene’s SPP mode excitation in a flat EG/SiC/Si system. We overcome this issue by investigating the polariton modes excitation in the core/shell SiC/graphene nanowires system. By addressing the wavevectors mismatch issue, we demonstrate absorption enhancement of MIR photons and broadening spectral resonances outside the SiC’s Reststrahlen band, resulting from the hybridisation of localised SPhP-SPP modes in graphene/SiC nanowires system. Furthermore, we demonstrate extreme subwavelength confinement of the MIR photons within a few nanometers thick oxide layer between graphene and SiC. We also reveal the potential dynamic tunability of hybrid polariton modes in this system. Our simulation results suggest a more compelling need to focus on top-down fabrications of periodically ordered EG/SiC-based metasurfaces to improve further the performance of these material systems towards the MIR nanophotonics.	en_US.UTF-8
dc.format	Thesis (PhD)
dc.language.iso	en_US	en_US.UTF-8
dc.relation	https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/157856/2/02whole.pdf
dc.rights	The author owns the copyright in this thesis including all reproduction and reuse rights for the work. The work may not be altered without the permission of the copyright owner. Attribution is essential when quoting or paraphrasing from this thesis.
dc.rights	au.edu.uts.lib/ppc
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.title	A fundamental study of epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide on silicon for mid-infrared nanophotonics	en_US.UTF-8
dc.type	Thesis
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*

Abstract:

The ability to control light and matter interactions at the nanoscale is a key scope of nanophotonics. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) range of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum hosts several molecular vibrational fingerprints, making it an exciting spectrum for many applications such as exhaled breath detection, cancerous tissue diagnosis, water quality monitoring, greenhouse gas detection, machine vision, and navigation. Plasmonics has enabled sub-diffraction confinement and manipulation of light. However, the high losses and lack of dynamic tunability characterising the conventional metal plasmonics in the MIR ranges represent a bottleneck for further progress. This work demonstrates that the combination of graphene and silicon carbide can enhance MIR absorption, detected field strength, and confinement. In particular, the possibility of combining the tunable nature of graphene surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with low loss surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) supported in SiC offers great promise. The epitaxial graphene (EG) platform technology on cubic silicon carbide on silicon wafer has substantially advanced over the last decade and offers a straightforward, site-selective, and CMOS compatible platform for developing tailored metasurfaces made of any complex EG/SiC pattern at the wafer -scale. This thesis combines electromagnetic simulations and experimental characterisations to reveal the fundamental optical properties of EG/SiC/Si using a forest of silicon carbide nanowires grown bottom-up on silicon as a test platform. We first demonstrate that a large wavevectors mismatch between graphene’s plasmon and incident photon hinders graphene’s SPP mode excitation in a flat EG/SiC/Si system. We overcome this issue by investigating the polariton modes excitation in the core/shell SiC/graphene nanowires system. By addressing the wavevectors mismatch issue, we demonstrate absorption enhancement of MIR photons and broadening spectral resonances outside the SiC’s Reststrahlen band, resulting from the hybridisation of localised SPhP-SPP modes in graphene/SiC nanowires system. Furthermore, we demonstrate extreme subwavelength confinement of the MIR photons within a few nanometers thick oxide layer between graphene and SiC. We also reveal the potential dynamic tunability of hybrid polariton modes in this system. Our simulation results suggest a more compelling need to focus on top-down fabrications of periodically ordered EG/SiC-based metasurfaces to improve further the performance of these material systems towards the MIR nanophotonics.

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