Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Ferrari, AJ Santomauro, DF Aali, A Abate, YH Abbafati, C Abbastabar, H Abd ElHafeez, S Abdelmasseh, M Abd-Elsalam, S Abdollahi, A Abdullahi, A Abegaz, KH Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA Aboagye, RG Abolhassani, H Abreu, LG Abualruz, H Abu-Gharbieh, E Abu-Rmeileh, NME Ackerman, IN Addo, IY Addolorato, G Adebiyi, AO Adepoju, AV Adewuyi, HO Afyouni, S Afzal, S Afzal, S Agodi, A Ahmad, A Ahmad, D Ahmad, F Ahmad, S Ahmed, A Ahmed, LA Ahmed, MB Ajami, M Akinosoglou, K Akkaif, MA Al Hasan, SM Alalalmeh, SO Al-Aly, Z Albashtawy, M Aldridge, RW Alemu, MD Alemu, YM Alene, KA Al-Gheethi, AAS Alharrasi, M Alhassan, RK Ali, MU Ali, R Ali, SSS Alif, SM Aljunid, SM Al-Marwani, S Almazan, JU Alomari, MA Al-Omari, B Altaany, Z Alvis-Guzman, N Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ Alwafi, H Al-Wardat, MS Al-Worafi, YM Aly, S Alzoubi, KH Amare, AT Amegbor, PM Ameyaw, EK Amin, TT Amindarolzarbi, A Amiri, S Amugsi, DA Ancuceanu, R Anderlini, D Anderson, DB Andrade, PP Andrei, CL Ansari, H Antony, CM Anwar, S Anwar, SL Anwer, R Anyanwu, PE Arab, JP Arabloo, J Arafat, M Araki, DT Aravkin, AY Arkew, M Armocida, B Arndt, MB Arooj, M Artamonov, AA Aruleba, RT Arumugam, A Ashbaugh, C Ashemo, MY Ashraf, M Asika, MO Askari, E Astell-Burt, T Athari, SS Atorkey, P Atout, MMW Atreya, A Aujayeb, A Ausloos, M Avan, A Awotidebe, AW Awuviry-Newton, K Ayala Quintanilla, BP Ayuso-Mateos, JL Azadnajafabad, S Azevedo, RMS Babu, AS Badar, M Badiye, AD Baghdadi, S Bagheri, N Bah, S Bai, R Baker, JL Bakkannavar, SM Bako, AT Balakrishnan, S Bam, K Banik, PC Barchitta, M Bardhan, M Bardideh, E Barker-Collo, SL Barqawi, HJ Barrow, A Barteit, S Barua, L Bashiri Aliabadi, S Basiru, A Basu, S Basu, S Bathini, PP Batra, K Baune, BT Bayileyegn, NS Behnam, B Behnoush, AH Beiranvand, M Bejarano Ramirez, DF Bell, ML Bello, OO Beloukas, A Bensenor, IM Berezvai, Z Bernabe, E Bernstein, RS Bettencourt, PJG Bhagavathula, AS Bhala, N Bhandari, D Bhargava, A Bhaskar, S Bhat, V Bhatti, GK Bhatti, JS Bhatti, MS Bhatti, R Bhutta, ZA Bikbov, B Bishai, JD Bisignano, C Bitra, VR Bjørge, T Bodolica, V Bodunrin, AO Bogale, EK Bonakdar Hashemi, M Bonny, A Bora Basara, B Borhany, H Boxe, C Brady, OJ Bragazzi, NL Braithwaite, D Brant, LC Brauer, M Breitner, S Brenner, H Brown, J Brugha, T Bulamu, NB Buonsenso, D Burkart, K Burns, RA Busse, R Bustanji, Y Butt, ZA Byun, J Caetano dos Santos, FL Calina, D Cámera, LA Campos-Nonato, IR Cao, C Capodici, A Carr, S Carreras, G Carugno, A Carvalho, M Castaldelli-Maia, JM Castañeda-Orjuela, CA Castelpietra, G Catapano, AL Cattaruzza, MS Caye, A Cegolon, L Cembranel, F Cenderadewi, M Cerin, E Chakraborty, PA Chan, JSK Chan, RNC Chandika, RM Chandrasekar, EK Charalampous, P Chattu, VK Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V Chen, AW Chen, A-T Chen, CS Chen, H Chen, NM Cheng, ETW Chimed-Ochir, O Chimoriya, R Ching, PR Cho, WCS Choi, S Chong, B Chong, YY Choudhari, SG Chowdhury, R Christensen, SWM Chu, D-T Chukwu, IS Chung, E Chung, E Chutiyami, M Claassens, MM Cogen, RM Columbus, A Conde, J Cortesi, PA Cousin, E Criqui, MH Cruz-Martins, N Dadras, O Dai, S Dai, X Dai, Z Dalaba, MA Damiani, G Das, JK Das, S Dashti, M Dávila-Cervantes, CA Davletov, K De Leo, D Debele, AT Debopadhaya, S DeCleene, NK Deeba, F Degenhardt, L Del Bo', C Delgado-Enciso, I Demetriades, AK Denova-Gutiérrez, E Dervenis, N Desai, HD Desai, R Deuba, K Dhama, K Dharmaratne, SD Dhingra, S Dias da Silva, D Diaz, D Diaz, LA Diaz, MJ Dima, A Ding, DD Dirac, MA Do, THP do Prado, CB Dohare, S Dominguez, R-MV Dong, W Dongarwar, D D'Oria, M Dorsey, ER Doshmangir, L Dowou, RK Driscoll, TR Dsouza, HL Dsouza, V Dube, J Dumith, SC Duncan, BB Duraes, AR Duraisamy, S Durojaiye, OC Dzianach, PA Dziedzic, AM Eboreime, E Ebrahimi, A Edinur, HA Edvardsson, D Eikemo, TA Eini, E Ekholuenetale, M Ekundayo, TC El Sayed, I El Tantawi, M Elbarazi, I Elemam, NM ElGohary, GMT Elhadi, M Elmeligy, OAA ELNahas, G Elshaer, M Elsohaby, I Engelbert Bain, L Erkhembayar, R Eshrati, B Estep, K Fabin, N Fagbamigbe, AF Falzone, L Fareed, M Farinha, CSES Faris, MEM Faro, A Farrokhi, P Fatehizadeh, A Fauk, NK Feigin, VL Feng, X Fereshtehnejad, S-M Feroze, AH Ferreira, N Ferreira, PH Fischer, F Flavel, J Flood, D Flor, LS Foigt, NA Folayan, MO Force, LM Fortuna, D Foschi, M Franklin, RC Freitas, A Fukumoto, T Furtado, JM Gaal, PA Gadanya, MA Gaidhane, AM Gaihre, S Galali, Y Ganbat, M Gandhi, AP Ganesan, B Ganie, MA Ganiyani, MA Gardner, WM Gebi, TG Gebregergis, MW Gebrehiwot, M Gebremariam, TBB Gebremeskel, TG Gela, YY Georgescu, SR Getachew Obsa, A Gething, PW Getie, M Ghadiri, K Ghadirian, F Ghailan, KY Ghajar, A Ghasemi, M Ghasempour Dabaghi, G Ghasemzadeh, A Ghazy, RM Gholamrezanezhad, A Ghorbani, M Ghotbi, E Gibson, RM Gill, TK Ginindza, TG Girmay, A Glasbey, JC Göbölös, L Godinho, MA Goharinezhad, S Goldust, M Golechha, M Goleij, P Gona, PN Gorini, G Goulart, AC Grada, A Grivna, M Guan, S-Y Guarducci, G Gubari, MIM Gudeta, MD Guha, A Guicciardi, S Gulati, S Gulisashvili, D Gunawardane, DA Guo, C Gupta, AK Gupta, B Gupta, I Gupta, M Gupta, R Gupta, VB Gupta, VK Gupta, VK Gutiérrez, RA Habibzadeh, F Habibzadeh, P Haddadi, R Hadi, NR Haep, N Hafezi-Nejad, N Hafiz, A Hagins, H Halboub, ES Halimi, A Haller, S Halwani, R Hamilton, EB Hankey, GJ Hannan, MA Haque, MN Harapan, H Haro, JM Hartvigsen, J Hasaballah, AI Hasan, I Hasanian, M Hasnain, MS Hassan, A Haubold, J Havmoeller, RJ Hay, SI Hayat, K Hebert, JJ Hegazi, OE Heidari, G Helfer, B Hemmati, M Hendrie, D Henson, CA Hezam, K Hiraike, Y Hoan, NQ Holla, R Hon, J Hossain, MM Hosseinzadeh, H Hosseinzadeh, M Hostiuc, M Hostiuc, S Hsu, JM Huang, J Hugo, FN Hushmandi, K Hussain, J Hussein, NR Huynh, CK Huynh, H-H Hwang, B-F Iannucci, VC Ihler, AL Ikiroma, AI Ikuta, KS Ilesanmi, OS Ilic, IM Ilic, MD Imam, MT Immurana, M Irham, LM Islam, MR Islam, SMS Islami, F Ismail, F Ismail, NE Isola, G Iwagami, M Iwu, CCD Iyer, M Jaafari, J Jacobsen, KH Jadidi-Niaragh, F Jafarinia, M Jaggi, K Jahankhani, K Jahanmehr, N Jahrami, H Jain, A Jain, N Jairoun, AA Jaiswal, A Jakovljevic, M Jatau, AI Javadov, S Javaheri, T Jayapal, SK Jayaram, S Jee, SH Jeganathan, J Jeyakumar, A Jha, AK Jiang, H Jin, Y Jonas, JB Joo, T Joseph, A Joseph, N Joshua, CE Jozwiak, JJ Jürisson, M K, V Kaambwa, B Kabir, A Kabir, Z Kadashetti, V Kalani, R Kalankesh, LR Kaliyadan, F Kalra, S Kamenov, K Kamyari, N Kanagasabai, T Kandel, H Kanmanthareddy, AR Kanmodi, KK Kantar, RS Karaye, IM Karim, A Karimi, SE Karimi, Y Kasraei, H Kassel, MB Kauppila, JH Kawakami, N Kayode, GA Kazemi, F Kazemian, S Keikavoosi-Arani, L Keller, C Kempen, JH Kerr, JA Keshtkar, K Kesse-Guyot, E Keykhaei, M Khajuria, H Khalaji, A Khalid, A Khalid, N Khalilian, A Khamesipour, F Khan, A Khan, I Khan, M Khan, MAB Khanmohammadi, S Khatab, K Khatami, F Khatatbeh, MM Khater, AM Khayat Kashani, HR Khidri, FF Khodadoust, E Khormali, M Khorrami, Z Kifle, ZD Kim, MS Kimokoti, RW Kisa, A Kisa, S Knudsen, AKS Kocarnik, JM Kochhar, S Koh, HY Kolahi, A-A Kompani, F Koren, G Korzh, O Kosen, S Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL Krishan, K Krishna, V Krishnamoorthy, V Kuate Defo, B Kuddus, MA Kuddus, M Kuitunen, I Kulkarni, V Kumar, M Kumar, N Kumar, R Kurmi, OP Kusuma, D Kyu, HH La Vecchia, C Lacey, B Ladan, MA Laflamme, L Lafranconi, A Lahariya, C Lai, DTC Lal, DK Lalloo, R Lallukka, T Lám, J Lan, Q Lan, T Landires, I Lanfranchi, F Langguth, B Laplante-Lévesque, A Larijani, B Larsson, AO Lasrado, S Lauriola, P Le, H-H Le, LKD Le, NHH Le, TDT Leasher, JL Ledda, C Lee, M Lee, PH Lee, S-W Lee, SW Lee, W-C Lee, YH LeGrand, KE Lenzi, J Leong, E Leung, J Li, M-C Li, W Li, X Li, Y Li, Y Lim, L-L Lim, SS Lindstrom, M Linn, S Liu, G Liu, R Liu, S Liu, W Liu, X Liu, X Llanaj, E Lo, C-H López-Bueno, R Loreche, AM Lorenzovici, L Lozano, R Lubinda, J Lucchetti, G Lunevicius, R Lusk, JB lv, H Ma, ZF Machairas, N Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM Magaña Gómez, JA Maghazachi, AA Maharjan, P Mahasha, PW Maheri, M Mahjoub, S Mahmoud, MA Mahmoudi, E Majeed, A Makris, KC Malakan Rad, E Malhotra, K Malik, AA Malik, I Malta, DC Manla, Y Mansour, A Mansouri, P Mansournia, MA Mantilla Herrera, AM Mantovani, LG Manu, E Marateb, HR Mardi, P Martinez, G Martinez-Piedra, R Martini, D Martins-Melo, FR Martorell, M Marx, W Maryam, S Marzo, RR Mathangasinghe, Y Mathieson, S Mathioudakis, AG Mattumpuram, J Maugeri, A Mayeli, M Mazidi, M Mazzotti, A McGrath, JJ McKee, M McKowen, ALW McPhail, MA Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K Mehrabi Nasab, E Mekene Meto, T Mendoza, W Menezes, RG Mensah, GA Mentis, A-FA Meo, SA Meresa, HA Meretoja, A Meretoja, TJ Mersha, AM Mestrovic, T Mettananda, KCD Mettananda, S Michalek, IM Miller, PA Miller, TR Mills, EJ Minh, LHN Mirijello, A Mirrakhimov, EM Mirutse, MK Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M Mirzaei, M Mirzaei, R Misganaw, A Mishra, AK Mitchell, PB Mittal, C Moazen, B Moberg, ME Mohamed, J Mohamed, MFH Mohamed, NS Mohammadi, E Mohammadi, S Mohammed, H Mohammed, S Mohammed, S Mohr, RM Mokdad, AH Molinaro, S Momtazmanesh, S Monasta, L Mondello, S Moodi Ghalibaf, A Moradi, M Moradi, Y Moradi-Lakeh, M Moraga, P Morawska, L Moreira, RS Morovatdar, N Morrison, SD Morze, J Mosapour, A Mosser, JF Mossialos, E Motappa, R Mougin, V Mouodi, S Mrejen, M Msherghi, A Mubarik, S Mueller, UO Mulita, F Munjal, K Murillo-Zamora, E Murlimanju, BV Mustafa, G Muthu, S Muzaffar, M Myung, W Nagarajan, AJ Naghavi, P Naik, GR Nainu, F Nair, S Najmuldeen, HHR Nangia, V Naqvi, AA Narayana, AI Nargus, S Nascimento, GG Nashwan, AJ Nasrollahizadeh, A Nasrollahizadeh, A Natto, ZS Nayak, BP Nayak, VC Nduaguba, SO Negash, H Negoi, I Negoi, RI Nejadghaderi, SA Nesbit, OD Netsere, HB Ng, M Nguefack-Tsague, G Ngunjiri, JW Nguyen, DH Nguyen, HQ Niazi, RK Nikolouzakis, TK Nikoobar, A Nikoomanesh, F Nikpoor, AR Nnaji, CA Nnyanzi, LA Noman, EA Nomura, S Norrving, B Nri-Ezedi, CA Ntaios, G Ntsekhe, M Nurrika, D Nzoputam, CI Nzoputam, OJ Oancea, B Odetokun, IA O'Donnell, MJ Oguntade, AS Oguta, JO Okati-Aliabad, H Okeke, SR Okekunle, AP Okonji, OC Olagunju, AT Olasupo, OO Olatubi, MI Oliveira, GMM Olufadewa, II Olusanya, BO Olusanya, JO Omar, HA Omer, GL Omonisi, AEE Onie, S Onwujekwe, OE Ordak, M Orish, VN Ortega-Altamirano, DV Ortiz, A Ortiz-Brizuela, E Osman, WMS Ostroff, SM Osuagwu, UL Otoiu, A Otstavnov, N Otstavnov, SS Ouyahia, A Ouyang, G Owolabi, MO P A, MP Padron-Monedero, A Padubidri, JR Palicz, T Palladino, C Pan, F Pandi-Perumal, SR Pangaribuan, HU Panos, GD Panos, LD Pantea Stoian, AM Pardhan, S Parikh, RR Pashaei, A Pasovic, M Passera, R Patel, J Patel, SK Patil, S Patoulias, D Patthipati, VS Pawar, S Pazoki Toroudi, H Pease, SA Peden, AE Pedersini, P Peng, M Pensato, U Pepito, VCF Peprah, EK Peprah, P Perdigão, J Pereira, MO Perianayagam, A Perico, N Pesudovs, K Petermann-Rocha, FE Petri, WA Pham, HT Philip, AK Phillips, MR Pigeolet, M Pigott, DM Pillay, JD Piracha, ZZ Pirouzpanah, S Plass, D Plotnikov, E Poddighe, D Polinder, S Postma, MJ Pourtaheri, N Prada, SI Pradhan, PMS Prakash, V Prasad, M Prates, EJS Priscilla, T Pritchett, N Puri, P Puvvula, J Qasim, NH Qattea, I Qazi, AS Qian, G Rabiee Rad, M Radhakrishnan, RA Radhakrishnan, V Raeisi Shahraki, H Rafferty, Q Raggi, A Raghav, PR Rahim, MJ Rahman, MM Rahman, MHU Rahman, M Rahman, MA Rahmani, S Rahmanian, M Rahmawaty, S Rajaa, S Ramadan, MM Ramasamy, SK Ramasubramani, P Ramazanu, S Rana, K Ranabhat, CL Rancic, N Rane, A Rao, CR Rao, K Rao, M Rao, SJ Rashidi, M-M Rathnaiah Babu, G Rauniyar, SK Rawaf, DL Rawaf, S Razo, C Reddy, MMRK Redwan, EMM Reifels, L Reiner Jr, RC Remuzzi, G Renzaho, AMN Reshmi, B Reyes, LF Rezaei, N Rezaei, N Rezaei, N Rezaei Hachesu, P Rezaeian, M Rickard, J Rodrigues, CF Rodriguez, JAB Roever, L Ronfani, L Roshandel, G Rotimi, K Rout, HS Roy, B Roy, N Roy, P Rubagotti, E S N, C Saad, AMA Saber-Ayad, MM Sabour, S Sacco, S Sachdev, PS Saddik, B Saddler, A Sadee, BA Sadeghi, E Sadeghi, M Saeb, MR Saeed, U Safi, SZ Sagar, R Sagoe, D Saif, Z Sajid, MR Sakshaug, JW Salam, N Salami, AA Salaroli, LB Saleh, MA Salem, MR Salem, MZY Sallam, M Samadzadeh, S Samargandy, S Samodra, YL Samy, AM Sanabria, J Sanna, F Santos, IS Santric-Milicevic, MM Sarasmita, MA Sarikhani, Y Sarmiento-Suárez, R Sarode, GS Sarode, SC Sarveazad, A Sathian, B Sathyanarayan, A Satpathy, M Sawhney, M Scarmeas, N Schaarschmidt, BM Schmidt, MI Schneider, IJC Schumacher, AE Schwebel, DC Schwendicke, F Sedighi, M Senapati, S Senthilkumaran, S Sepanlou, SG Sethi, Y Setoguchi, S Seylani, A Shadid, J Shafie, M Shah, H Shah, NS Shah, PA Shahbandi, A Shahid, S Shahid, W Shahwan, MJ Shaikh, MA Shakeri, A Shalash, AS Sham, S Shamim, MA Shamshirgaran, MA Shamsi, MA Shanawaz, M Shankar, A Shannawaz, M Sharath, M Sharifan, A Sharifi-Rad, J Sharma, M Sharma, R Sharma, S Sharma, U Sharma, V Shastry, RP Shavandi, A Shayan, AM Shayan, M Shehabeldine, AME Shetty, PH Shibuya, K Shifa, JE Shiferaw, D Shiferaw, WS Shigematsu, M Shiri, R Shitaye, NA Shittu, A Shivakumar, KM Shivarov, V Shokati Eshkiki, Z Shool, S Shrestha, S Shuval, K Sibhat, MM Siddig, EE Sigfusdottir, ID Silva, DAS Silva, JP Silva, LMLR Silva, S Simpson, CR Singal, A Singh, A Singh, BB Singh, H Singh, JA Singh, M Singh, P Skou, ST Sleet, DA Slepak, ELN Solanki, R Soliman, SSM Song, S Song, Y Sorensen, RJD Soriano, JB Soyiri, IN Spartalis, M Sreeramareddy, CT Stark, BA Starodubova, AV Stein, C Stein, DJ Steiner, C Steiner, TJ Steinmetz, JD Steiropoulos, P Stockfelt, L Stokes, MA Subedi, NS Subramaniyan, V Suemoto, CK Suleman, M Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R Sultana, A Sundström, J Swain, CK Szarpak, L Tabaee Damavandi, P Tabarés-Seisdedos, R Tabatabaei Malazy, O Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A Tabatabai, S Tabche, C Tabish, M Tadakamadla, SK Taheri Abkenar, Y Taheri Soodejani, M Taherkhani, A Taiba, J Talaat, IM Talukder, A Tampa, M Tamuzi, JL Tan, K-K Tandukar, S Tang, H Tavakoli Oliaee, R Tavangar, SM Teimoori, M Temsah, M-H Teramoto, M Thangaraju, P Thankappan, KR Thapar, R Thayakaran, R Thirunavukkarasu, S Thomas, N Thomas, NK Thum, CCC Tichopad, A Ticoalu, JHV Tillawi, T Tiruye, TY Tobe-Gai, R Tonelli, M Topor-Madry, R Torre, AE Touvier, M Tovani-Palone, MR Tran, JT Tran, MTN Tran, NM Tran, N-H Trico, D Tromans, SJ Truyen, TTTT Tsatsakis, A Tsegay, GM Tsermpini, EE Tumurkhuu, M Tyrovolas, S Udoh, A Umair, M Umakanthan, S Umar, TP Undurraga, EA Unim, B Unnikrishnan, B Unsworth, CA Upadhyay, E Urso, D Usman, JS Vahabi, SM Vaithinathan, AG Van den Eynde, J Varga, O Varma, RP Vart, P Vasankari, TJ Vasic, M Vaziri, S Vellingiri, B Venketasubramanian, N Veroux, M Verras, G-I Vervoort, D Villafañe, JH Violante, FS Vlassov, V Vollset, SE Volovat, SR Vongpradith, A Waheed, Y Wang, C Wang, F Wang, N Wang, S Wang, Y Wang, Y-P Ward, P Wassie, EG Weaver, MR Weerakoon, KG Weintraub, RG Weiss, DJ Weldemariam, AH Wells, KM Wen, YF Whisnant, JL Whiteford, HA Wiangkham, T Wickramasinghe, DP Wickramasinghe, ND Wilandika, A Wilkerson, C Willeit, P Wimo, A Woldegebreal, DH Wolf, AW Wong, YJ Woolf, AD Wu, C Wu, F Wu, X Wu, Z Wulf Hanson, S Xia, Y Xiao, H Xu, X Xu, YY Yadav, L Yadollahpour, A Yaghoubi, S Yamagishi, K Yang, L Yano, Y Yao, Y Yaribeygi, H Yazdanpanah, MH Ye, P Yehualashet, SS Yesuf, SA Yezli, S Yiğit, A Yiğit, V Yigzaw, ZA Yismaw, Y Yon, DK Yonemoto, N Younis, MZ Yu, C Yu, Y Yusuf, H Zahid, MH Zakham, F Zaki, L Zaki, N Zaman, BA Zamora, N Zand, R Zandieh, GGZ Zar, HJ Zarrintan, A Zastrozhin, MS Zhang, H Zhang, N Zhang, Y Zhao, H Zhong, C Zhong, P Zhou, J Zhu, Z Ziafati, M Zielińska, M Zimsen, SRM Zoladl, M Zumla, A Zyoud, SH Vos, T Murray, CJL