Development of green 3D printable cementitious composites using multi-response optimisation method

Rahman, M; An, D; Rawat, S; Yang, R; Zhang, YX

Development of green 3D printable cementitious composites using multi-response optimisation method

Rahman, M An, D Rawat, S

Yang, R Zhang, YX

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Publisher:: ELSEVIER
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2025, 23
Issue Date:: 2025-12-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Rahman, M
dc.contributor.author	An, D
dc.contributor.author	Rawat, S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-7579
dc.contributor.author	Yang, R
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, YX
dc.date.accessioned	2025-12-18T02:42:33Z
dc.date.available	2025-12-18T02:42:33Z
dc.date.issued	2025-12-01
dc.identifier.citation	Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2025, 23
dc.identifier.issn	2214-5095
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/190973
dc.description.abstract	3D printing is a new but one of the most sustainable and revolutionary manufacturing technologies for the construction sector. The printability relies on fresh properties; hence, effective mix design requires a systematic optimisation approach. This paper, for the first time, develops a green and 3D printable cementitious composite (3DP-CC) employing the Taguchi-based TOPSIS optimisation method, and a high volume of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is used, in replacement of cement, which has been commonly used in 3DP-CC. The developed optimisation material design method and 3D printing materials consider nine performance criteria encompassing fresh and mechanical properties and sustainability aspects, including flowability, buildability, mini-slump, deformation, weighted mini-slump, 1-day and 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength, and CO<inf>2</inf>emission rate. Three factors, each with three control levels, are analysed, including GGBFS content (50 %, 60 %, 70 %), superplasticiser (SP) dosage (4, 5, 6 L/m³ of mortar), and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) dosage (4, 8, 12 L/m³ of mortar). The mix, with 60 % GGBFS content, SP dosage and VMA dosage of 5 L/m³ and 8 L/m³ is determined to be the optimal mix via using the devised optimisation method, and the optimal mix design is validated by 3D printing, demonstrating favourable printability performance.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	ELSEVIER
dc.relation.ispartof	Case Studies in Construction Materials
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e05360
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.classification	4005 Civil engineering
dc.title	Development of green 3D printable cementitious composites using multi-response optimisation method
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	23
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology/School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/UTS Groups/Centre for Advanced Manufacturing (CAM)
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.rights.license	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.date.updated	2025-12-18T02:42:30Z
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	23

Abstract:

3D printing is a new but one of the most sustainable and revolutionary manufacturing technologies for the construction sector. The printability relies on fresh properties; hence, effective mix design requires a systematic optimisation approach. This paper, for the first time, develops a green and 3D printable cementitious composite (3DP-CC) employing the Taguchi-based TOPSIS optimisation method, and a high volume of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is used, in replacement of cement, which has been commonly used in 3DP-CC. The developed optimisation material design method and 3D printing materials consider nine performance criteria encompassing fresh and mechanical properties and sustainability aspects, including flowability, buildability, mini-slump, deformation, weighted mini-slump, 1-day and 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength, and CO2emission rate. Three factors, each with three control levels, are analysed, including GGBFS content (50 %, 60 %, 70 %), superplasticiser (SP) dosage (4, 5, 6 L/m³ of mortar), and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) dosage (4, 8, 12 L/m³ of mortar). The mix, with 60 % GGBFS content, SP dosage and VMA dosage of 5 L/m³ and 8 L/m³ is determined to be the optimal mix via using the devised optimisation method, and the optimal mix design is validated by 3D printing, demonstrating favourable printability performance.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/190973