Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults.

Yam, JC; Zhang, XJ; Zaabaar, E; Wang, Y; Gao, Y; Zhang, Y; Li, X; Kam, KW; Tang, F; Chu, WK; Zhou, X; Zhang, W; He, X; Wu, P-C; Rose, KA; Morgan, I; He, M; Ohno-Matsui, K; Jonas, JB; Zhang, M; Tham, CC; Chen, LJ; Pang, CP

Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults.

Yam, JC Zhang, XJ Zaabaar, E Wang, Y Gao, Y Zhang, Y Li, X Kam, KW Tang, F Chu, WK Zhou, X Zhang, W He, X Wu, P-C Rose, KA Morgan, I He, M Ohno-Matsui, K Jonas, JB Zhang, M Tham, CC Chen, LJ Pang, CP

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Publisher:: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Prog Retin Eye Res, 2025, 109, pp. 101410
Issue Date:: 2025-11

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Yam, JC
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, XJ
dc.contributor.author	Zaabaar, E
dc.contributor.author	Wang, Y
dc.contributor.author	Gao, Y
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, Y
dc.contributor.author	Li, X
dc.contributor.author	Kam, KW
dc.contributor.author	Tang, F
dc.contributor.author	Chu, WK
dc.contributor.author	Zhou, X
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, W
dc.contributor.author	He, X
dc.contributor.author	Wu, P-C
dc.contributor.author	Rose, KA
dc.contributor.author	Morgan, I
dc.contributor.author	He, M
dc.contributor.author	Ohno-Matsui, K
dc.contributor.author	Jonas, JB
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, M
dc.contributor.author	Tham, CC
dc.contributor.author	Chen, LJ
dc.contributor.author	Pang, CP
dc.date.accessioned	2026-02-18T04:02:27Z
dc.date.available	2025-10-14
dc.date.available	2026-02-18T04:02:27Z
dc.date.issued	2025-11
dc.identifier.citation	Prog Retin Eye Res, 2025, 109, pp. 101410
dc.identifier.issn	1350-9462
dc.identifier.issn	1873-1635
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/193577
dc.description.abstract	The alarming increase in childhood myopia has emerged as a significant public health concern. Due to its long-term consequences, there is also an expanding interest in adult-onset myopia. This review provides a comprehensive summary of interventions for slowing the onset and progression of myopia and discusses factors influencing their efficacy. Outdoor time is an effective intervention for at-risk pre-myopes, which can reduce myopia onset by up to 50 % and has been implemented on a large scale in some countries through school reforms. 0.05 % atropine and repeated low-level red light (RLRL) have also shown the potential to prevent myopia onset by approximately 50 %, though the cost-benefit of implementing them on a large scale warrants more research. Low-concentration atropine, various designs of peripheral defocus spectacles, contact lenses, and RLRL effectively slow myopia progression by at least 50 %. A history of higher baseline myopia status, faster baseline progression, parental myopia, high-risk lifestyle, and less outdoor time requires rigorous interventions. When combined with RLRL or atropine concentrations higher than 0.025 %, orthokeratology significantly improves myopia control in fast progressors and/or high myopes. Combining low-concentration atropine with peripheral defocus glasses or dual-focus contact lenses also yields better efficacy than monotherapy. There is limited research on adult myopia control, but offering comprehensive lifestyle and visual environment recommendations remains essential. Consistent use of these interventions and thorough safety monitoring are crucial for building clinical confidence. The success of myopia control hinges on personalization, given the diverse factors influencing efficacy and the challenges of large-scale implementation.
dc.format	Print-Electronic
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
dc.relation.ispartof	Prog Retin Eye Res
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101410
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject	1113 Opthalmology and Optometry
dc.subject.classification	Ophthalmology & Optometry
dc.subject.classification	3212 Ophthalmology and optometry
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Disease Progression
dc.subject.mesh	Myopia
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Incidence
dc.subject.mesh	Atropine
dc.subject.mesh	Eyeglasses
dc.subject.mesh	Orthokeratologic Procedures
dc.subject.mesh	Contact Lenses
dc.subject.mesh	Refraction, Ocular
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Myopia
dc.subject.mesh	Disease Progression
dc.subject.mesh	Atropine
dc.subject.mesh	Refraction, Ocular
dc.subject.mesh	Incidence
dc.subject.mesh	Contact Lenses
dc.subject.mesh	Eyeglasses
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Orthokeratologic Procedures
dc.subject.mesh	Humans
dc.subject.mesh	Child
dc.subject.mesh	Disease Progression
dc.subject.mesh	Myopia
dc.subject.mesh	Adult
dc.subject.mesh	Incidence
dc.subject.mesh	Atropine
dc.subject.mesh	Eyeglasses
dc.subject.mesh	Orthokeratologic Procedures
dc.subject.mesh	Contact Lenses
dc.subject.mesh	Refraction, Ocular
dc.title	Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	109
utslib.location.activity	England
utslib.for	1113 Opthalmology and Optometry
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Health
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.rights.license	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.date.updated	2026-02-18T04:02:13Z
pubs.publication-status	Published
pubs.volume	109

Abstract:

The alarming increase in childhood myopia has emerged as a significant public health concern. Due to its long-term consequences, there is also an expanding interest in adult-onset myopia. This review provides a comprehensive summary of interventions for slowing the onset and progression of myopia and discusses factors influencing their efficacy. Outdoor time is an effective intervention for at-risk pre-myopes, which can reduce myopia onset by up to 50 % and has been implemented on a large scale in some countries through school reforms. 0.05 % atropine and repeated low-level red light (RLRL) have also shown the potential to prevent myopia onset by approximately 50 %, though the cost-benefit of implementing them on a large scale warrants more research. Low-concentration atropine, various designs of peripheral defocus spectacles, contact lenses, and RLRL effectively slow myopia progression by at least 50 %. A history of higher baseline myopia status, faster baseline progression, parental myopia, high-risk lifestyle, and less outdoor time requires rigorous interventions. When combined with RLRL or atropine concentrations higher than 0.025 %, orthokeratology significantly improves myopia control in fast progressors and/or high myopes. Combining low-concentration atropine with peripheral defocus glasses or dual-focus contact lenses also yields better efficacy than monotherapy. There is limited research on adult myopia control, but offering comprehensive lifestyle and visual environment recommendations remains essential. Consistent use of these interventions and thorough safety monitoring are crucial for building clinical confidence. The success of myopia control hinges on personalization, given the diverse factors influencing efficacy and the challenges of large-scale implementation.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/193577