Microbiomes of the Sydney Rock Oyster are acquired through both vertical and horizontal transmission

Unzueta-Martínez, A; Scanes, E; Parker, LM; Ross, PM; O’Connor, W; Bowen, JL

Microbiomes of the Sydney Rock Oyster are acquired through both vertical and horizontal transmission

Unzueta-Martínez, A Scanes, E

Parker, LM Ross, PM O’Connor, W Bowen, JL

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Publisher:: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Animal Microbiome, 2022, 4, (1)
Issue Date:: 2022-12

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Unzueta-Martínez, A
dc.contributor.author	Scanes, E https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804
dc.contributor.author	Parker, LM
dc.contributor.author	Ross, PM
dc.contributor.author	O’Connor, W
dc.contributor.author	Bowen, JL
dc.date.accessioned	2022-07-29T04:40:43Z
dc.date.available	2022-07-29T04:40:43Z
dc.date.issued	2022-12
dc.identifier.citation	Animal Microbiome, 2022, 4, (1)
dc.identifier.issn	2524-4671
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/159353
dc.description.abstract	<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>The term holobiont is widely accepted to describe animal hosts and their associated microorganisms. The genomes of all that the holobiont encompasses, are termed the hologenome and it has been proposed as a unit of selection in evolution. To demonstrate that natural selection acts on the hologenome, a significant portion of the associated microbial genomes should be transferred between generations. Using the Sydney Rock Oyster (<jats:italic>Saccostrea glomerata</jats:italic>) as a model, we tested if the microbes of this broadcast spawning species could be passed down to the next generation by conducting single parent crosses and tracking the microbiome from parent to offspring and throughout early larval stages using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. From each cross, we sampled adult tissues (mantle, gill, stomach, gonad, eggs or sperm), larvae (D-veliger, umbo, eyed pediveliger, and spat), and the surrounding environment (water and algae feed) for microbial community analysis.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>We found that each larval stage has a distinct microbiome that is partially influenced by their parental microbiome, particularly the maternal egg microbiome. We also demonstrate the presence of core microbes that are consistent across all families, persist throughout early life stages (from eggs to spat), and are not detected in the microbiomes of the surrounding environment. In addition to the core microbiomes that span all life cycle stages, there is also evidence of environmentally acquired microbial communities, with earlier larval stages (D-veliger and umbo), more influenced by seawater microbiomes, and later larval stages (eyed pediveliger and spat) dominated by microbial members that are specific to oysters and not detected in the surrounding environment.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>Our study characterized the succession of oyster larvae microbiomes from gametes to spat and tracked selected members that persisted across multiple life stages. Overall our findings suggest that both horizontal and vertical transmission routes are possible for the complex microbial communities associated with a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate. We demonstrate that not all members of oyster-associated microbiomes are governed by the same ecological dynamics, which is critical for determining what constitutes a hologenome.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
dc.language	en
dc.publisher	Springer Science and Business Media LLC
dc.relation.ispartof	Animal Microbiome
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1186/s42523-022-00186-9
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.title	Microbiomes of the Sydney Rock Oyster are acquired through both vertical and horizontal transmission
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	4
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
utslib.copyright.status	open_access	*
dc.date.updated	2022-07-29T04:40:41Z
pubs.issue	1
pubs.publication-status	Published online
pubs.volume	4
utslib.citation.issue	1

Abstract:

Abstract Background The term holobiont is widely accepted to describe animal hosts and their associated microorganisms. The genomes of all that the holobiont encompasses, are termed the hologenome and it has been proposed as a unit of selection in evolution. To demonstrate that natural selection acts on the hologenome, a significant portion of the associated microbial genomes should be transferred between generations. Using the Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) as a model, we tested if the microbes of this broadcast spawning species could be passed down to the next generation by conducting single parent crosses and tracking the microbiome from parent to offspring and throughout early larval stages using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. From each cross, we sampled adult tissues (mantle, gill, stomach, gonad, eggs or sperm), larvae (D-veliger, umbo, eyed pediveliger, and spat), and the surrounding environment (water and algae feed) for microbial community analysis. Results We found that each larval stage has a distinct microbiome that is partially influenced by their parental microbiome, particularly the maternal egg microbiome. We also demonstrate the presence of core microbes that are consistent across all families, persist throughout early life stages (from eggs to spat), and are not detected in the microbiomes of the surrounding environment. In addition to the core microbiomes that span all life cycle stages, there is also evidence of environmentally acquired microbial communities, with earlier larval stages (D-veliger and umbo), more influenced by seawater microbiomes, and later larval stages (eyed pediveliger and spat) dominated by microbial members that are specific to oysters and not detected in the surrounding environment. Conclusion Our study characterized the succession of oyster larvae microbiomes from gametes to spat and tracked selected members that persisted across multiple life stages. Overall our findings suggest that both horizontal and vertical transmission routes are possible for the complex microbial communities associated with a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate. We demonstrate that not all members of oyster-associated microbiomes are governed by the same ecological dynamics, which is critical for determining what constitutes a hologenome.

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