Nanoscale Titanium Surface Engineering via Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Etching for Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties.

Morel, J; McNeilly, O; Grundy, S; Brown, T; Gunawan, C; Amal, R; Scott, JA

Nanoscale Titanium Surface Engineering via Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Etching for Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties.

Morel, J McNeilly, O Grundy, S Brown, T Gunawan, C

Amal, R Scott, JA

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Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023
Issue Date:: 2023-09-22

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Morel, J
dc.contributor.author	McNeilly, O
dc.contributor.author	Grundy, S
dc.contributor.author	Brown, T
dc.contributor.author	Gunawan, C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-1347
dc.contributor.author	Amal, R
dc.contributor.author	Scott, JA
dc.date.accessioned	2023-09-29T06:23:31Z
dc.date.available	2023-09-29T06:23:31Z
dc.date.issued	2023-09-22
dc.identifier.citation	ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023
dc.identifier.issn	1944-8244
dc.identifier.issn	1944-8252
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/172392
dc.description.abstract	Bioinspired nanotopography artificially fabricated on titanium surfaces offers a solution for the rising issue of postoperative infections within orthopedics. On a small scale, hydrothermal etching has proven to deliver an effective antimicrobial nanospike surface. However, translation to an industrial setting is limited by the elevated synthesis temperature (150 °C) and associated equipment requirements. Here, for the first time, we fabricate surface nanostructures using comparatively milder synthesis temperatures (75 °C), which deliver physicochemical properties and antimicrobial capability comparable to the high-temperature surface. Using a KOH etchant, the simultaneous formation of titania and titanate crystals at both temperatures produces a one-dimensional nanostructure array. Analysis indicated that the formation mechanism comprises dissolution and reprecipitation processes, identifying the deposited titanates as hydrated layered tetra-titanates (K2Ti4O9·nH2O). A proposed nanospike formation mechanism was confirmed through the identification of a core and outer shell for individual nanostructures, primarily comprised of titanates and titania, respectively. Etching conditions dictated crystalline formation, favoring a thicker titanate core for nanorods under higher synthesis temperatures and etchant concentrations. A bactericidal investigation showed the efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria for a representative low-temperature nanosurface (34.4 ± 14.4%) was comparable to the higher temperature nanosurface (34.0 ± 17.0%), illustrating the potential of low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis. Our results provide valuable insight into the applicability of low-temperature etching protocols that are more favorable in large-scale manufacturing settings.
dc.format	Print-Electronic
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	American Chemical Society (ACS)
dc.relation	http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP220101819
dc.relation.ispartof	ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1021/acsami.3c09525
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subject	03 Chemical Sciences, 09 Engineering
dc.subject.classification	Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
dc.subject.classification	34 Chemical sciences
dc.subject.classification	40 Engineering
dc.subject.classification	51 Physical sciences
dc.title	Nanoscale Titanium Surface Engineering via Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Etching for Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties.
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.location.activity	United States
utslib.for	03 Chemical Sciences
utslib.for	09 Engineering
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - AIMI - Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access	*
dc.date.updated	2023-09-29T06:23:29Z
pubs.publication-status	Published online

Abstract:

Bioinspired nanotopography artificially fabricated on titanium surfaces offers a solution for the rising issue of postoperative infections within orthopedics. On a small scale, hydrothermal etching has proven to deliver an effective antimicrobial nanospike surface. However, translation to an industrial setting is limited by the elevated synthesis temperature (150 °C) and associated equipment requirements. Here, for the first time, we fabricate surface nanostructures using comparatively milder synthesis temperatures (75 °C), which deliver physicochemical properties and antimicrobial capability comparable to the high-temperature surface. Using a KOH etchant, the simultaneous formation of titania and titanate crystals at both temperatures produces a one-dimensional nanostructure array. Analysis indicated that the formation mechanism comprises dissolution and reprecipitation processes, identifying the deposited titanates as hydrated layered tetra-titanates (K2Ti4O9·nH2O). A proposed nanospike formation mechanism was confirmed through the identification of a core and outer shell for individual nanostructures, primarily comprised of titanates and titania, respectively. Etching conditions dictated crystalline formation, favoring a thicker titanate core for nanorods under higher synthesis temperatures and etchant concentrations. A bactericidal investigation showed the efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria for a representative low-temperature nanosurface (34.4 ± 14.4%) was comparable to the higher temperature nanosurface (34.0 ± 17.0%), illustrating the potential of low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis. Our results provide valuable insight into the applicability of low-temperature etching protocols that are more favorable in large-scale manufacturing settings.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/172392