Optimal Energy Trade in Retailer, Charging Station, and Electric Vehicles using a Stackelberg Game
- Publisher:
- IEEE
- Publication Type:
- Conference Proceeding
- Citation:
- 2023 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Technologies (GlobConHT), 2023, 00
- Issue Date:
- 2023-04-07
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| Filename | Description | Size | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1656968.pdf | Published version | 1.11 MB |
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Integration of electric vehicles EVs to address environmental concerns in recent years has motivated system operators to introduce EV s energy trading platforms In these platforms different stakeholders participate in energy trade to maximize their utilities However it can be challenging to find optimal strategies for EV s energy demand charging station CS operation and retailer profit at the same time without impacting the social welfare of the energy trading platform This article proposes a multilevel energy trading platform for EV s interaction with CS and a retailer which is integrated with distributed energy resources This platform is modeled using a non cooperative Stackelberg game with the retailer acting as a leader at the upper level to maximize profit However the CS and EV s act as followers at the lower level trying to minimize their energy costs We introduced a penalty function to enhance the platform s social welfare Our price distribution at various ends of the day will motivate more EVs and CS energy trading interactions The proposed model is a constrained nonlinear optimization problem programmed in MATLAB R2022a and solved using FMINCON solver
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