When Naked Became Armored: An Eight-Gene Phylogeny Reveals Monophyletic Origin of Theca in Dinoflagellates

Orr, RJS; Murray, SA; Stüken, A; Rhodes, L; Jakobsen, KS

When Naked Became Armored: An Eight-Gene Phylogeny Reveals Monophyletic Origin of Theca in Dinoflagellates

Orr, RJS Murray, SA

Stüken, A Rhodes, L Jakobsen, KS

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: PLoS ONE, 2012, 7 (11)
Issue Date:: 2012-11-19

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Orr, RJS	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Murray, SA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-1307	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Stüken, A	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Rhodes, L	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Jakobsen, KS	en_US
dc.date.available	2012-10-15	en_US
dc.date.issued	2012-11-19	en_US
dc.identifier.citation	PLoS ONE, 2012, 7 (11)	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/28244
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/35870
dc.description.abstract	The dinoflagellates are a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes. Dinoflagellate monophyly and their position within the group Alveolata are well established. However, phylogenetic relationships between dinoflagellate orders remain unresolved. To date, only a limited number of dinoflagellate studies have used a broad taxon sample with more than two concatenated markers. This lack of resolution makes it difficult to determine the evolution of major phenotypic characters such as morphological features or toxin production e.g. saxitoxin. Here we present an improved dinoflagellate phylogeny, based on eight genes, with the broadest taxon sampling to date. Fifty-five sequences for eight phylogenetic markers from nuclear and mitochondrial regions were amplified from 13 species, four orders, and concatenated phylogenetic inferences were conducted with orthologous sequences. Phylogenetic resolution is increased with addition of support for the deepest branches, though can be improved yet further. We show for the first time that the characteristic dinoflagellate thecal plates, cellulosic material that is present within the sub-cuticular alveoli, appears to have had a single origin. In addition, the monophyly of most dinoflagellate orders is confirmed: the Dinophysiales, the Gonyaulacales, the Prorocentrales, the Suessiales, and the Syndiniales. Our improved phylogeny, along with results of PCR to detect the sxtA gene in various lineages, allows us to suggest that this gene was probably acquired separately in Gymnodinium and the common ancestor of Alexandrium and Pyrodinium and subsequently lost in some descendent species of Alexandrium. © 2012 Orr et al.	en_US
dc.relation.ispartof	PLoS ONE	en_US
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1371/journal.pone.0050004	en_US
dc.subject.classification	General Science & Technology	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Dinoflagellida	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Saxitoxin	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Mitochondrial Proteins	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Nuclear Proteins	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Phylogeny	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Species Specificity	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Base Sequence	en_US
dc.title	When Naked Became Armored: An Eight-Gene Phylogeny Reveals Monophyletic Origin of Theca in Dinoflagellates	en_US
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	11	en_US
utslib.citation.volume	7	en_US
utslib.for	0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology	en_US
utslib.for	0607 Plant Biology	en_US
pubs.embargo.period	Not known	en_US
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - C3 - Climate Change Cluster
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access
pubs.issue	11	en_US
pubs.publication-status	Published	en_US
pubs.volume	7	en_US

Abstract:

The dinoflagellates are a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes. Dinoflagellate monophyly and their position within the group Alveolata are well established. However, phylogenetic relationships between dinoflagellate orders remain unresolved. To date, only a limited number of dinoflagellate studies have used a broad taxon sample with more than two concatenated markers. This lack of resolution makes it difficult to determine the evolution of major phenotypic characters such as morphological features or toxin production e.g. saxitoxin. Here we present an improved dinoflagellate phylogeny, based on eight genes, with the broadest taxon sampling to date. Fifty-five sequences for eight phylogenetic markers from nuclear and mitochondrial regions were amplified from 13 species, four orders, and concatenated phylogenetic inferences were conducted with orthologous sequences. Phylogenetic resolution is increased with addition of support for the deepest branches, though can be improved yet further. We show for the first time that the characteristic dinoflagellate thecal plates, cellulosic material that is present within the sub-cuticular alveoli, appears to have had a single origin. In addition, the monophyly of most dinoflagellate orders is confirmed: the Dinophysiales, the Gonyaulacales, the Prorocentrales, the Suessiales, and the Syndiniales. Our improved phylogeny, along with results of PCR to detect the sxtA gene in various lineages, allows us to suggest that this gene was probably acquired separately in Gymnodinium and the common ancestor of Alexandrium and Pyrodinium and subsequently lost in some descendent species of Alexandrium. © 2012 Orr et al.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/28244