Are Prorocentroid Dinoflagellates Monophyletic? A Study of 25 Species Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes

Murray, S; Ip, CLC; Moore, R; Nagahama, Y; Fukuyo, Y

Are Prorocentroid Dinoflagellates Monophyletic? A Study of 25 Species Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes

Murray, S

Ip, CLC Moore, R Nagahama, Y Fukuyo, Y

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Protist, 2009, 160 (2), pp. 245 - 264
Issue Date:: 2009-05-01

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Murray, S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-1307	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Ip, CLC	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Moore, R	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Nagahama, Y	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Fukuyo, Y	en_US
dc.date.available	2008-12-14	en_US
dc.date.issued	2009-05-01	en_US
dc.identifier.citation	Protist, 2009, 160 (2), pp. 245 - 264	en_US
dc.identifier.issn	1434-4610	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/28770
dc.description.abstract	The dinoflagellate sub-class Prorocentrophycidae has a distinct morphology, lacking the typical dinoflagellate cell structure of a clear cingulum and sulcus. It includes species that produce the toxin okadaic acid. Despite its uniqueness, the group has been found polyphyletic in some previous molecular phylogenetic studies. We have re-investigated the phylogeny of this sub-class by culturing and sequencing new strains, comparing sequences from three genes, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) and the nuclear large and small subunit rRNA (LSU and SSU) encoding genes. We analyzed sequences from twenty-five named and two still undescribed species of Prorocentrophycidae. We used newly recognized features of the secondary structure to align regions of the LSU rRNA. The phylogeny based on cox 1 provided the most well-supported tree and showed strong support for the monophyly of prorocentroid dinoflagellates, while the LSU phylogeny was inconclusive. As in previous studies, phylogeny based on SSU shows the group to appear paraphyletic, however, support values were low. Two strongly supported sub-clades were consistently identified. Benthic and planktonic modes appear to have evolved on multiple occasions within both clades of Prorocentriphycidae. The capability to synthesize toxins appears to have arisen early in prorocentroid evolution and, in particular, okadaic acid synthesis is present in some, but not all, members of Clade 2. The D2a region of the LSU rRNA appears to have developed a deletion in three definable steps during prorocentroid evolution. While the phylogenies inferred from the three genes were not congruent, our results give reserved support to the monophyly of the group. © 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	en_US
dc.relation.ispartof	Protist	en_US
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.protis.2008.12.004	en_US
dc.subject.classification	Mycology & Parasitology	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Animals	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Dinoflagellida	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Electron Transport Complex IV	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Mitochondrial Proteins	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Protozoan Proteins	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	RNA, Nuclear	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	RNA, Protozoan	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	RNA, Ribosomal	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Sequence Alignment	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Evolution, Molecular	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Phylogeny	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Base Sequence	en_US
dc.subject.mesh	Molecular Sequence Data	en_US
dc.title	Are Prorocentroid Dinoflagellates Monophyletic? A Study of 25 Species Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes	en_US
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	2	en_US
utslib.citation.volume	160	en_US
utslib.for	0604 Genetics	en_US
utslib.for	0603 Evolutionary Biology	en_US
utslib.for	0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology	en_US
utslib.for	06 Biological Sciences	en_US
utslib.for	11 Medical and Health Sciences	en_US
pubs.embargo.period	Not known	en_US
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - C3 - Climate Change Cluster
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access
pubs.issue	2	en_US
pubs.publication-status	Published	en_US
pubs.volume	160	en_US

Abstract:

The dinoflagellate sub-class Prorocentrophycidae has a distinct morphology, lacking the typical dinoflagellate cell structure of a clear cingulum and sulcus. It includes species that produce the toxin okadaic acid. Despite its uniqueness, the group has been found polyphyletic in some previous molecular phylogenetic studies. We have re-investigated the phylogeny of this sub-class by culturing and sequencing new strains, comparing sequences from three genes, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) and the nuclear large and small subunit rRNA (LSU and SSU) encoding genes. We analyzed sequences from twenty-five named and two still undescribed species of Prorocentrophycidae. We used newly recognized features of the secondary structure to align regions of the LSU rRNA. The phylogeny based on cox 1 provided the most well-supported tree and showed strong support for the monophyly of prorocentroid dinoflagellates, while the LSU phylogeny was inconclusive. As in previous studies, phylogeny based on SSU shows the group to appear paraphyletic, however, support values were low. Two strongly supported sub-clades were consistently identified. Benthic and planktonic modes appear to have evolved on multiple occasions within both clades of Prorocentriphycidae. The capability to synthesize toxins appears to have arisen early in prorocentroid evolution and, in particular, okadaic acid synthesis is present in some, but not all, members of Clade 2. The D2a region of the LSU rRNA appears to have developed a deletion in three definable steps during prorocentroid evolution. While the phylogenies inferred from the three genes were not congruent, our results give reserved support to the monophyly of the group. © 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/28770