A review of impurity profiling and synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, amphetamine, dimethylamphetamine and p-methoxyamphetamine

Stojanovska, N; Fu, S; Tahtouh, M; Kelly, T; Beavis, A; Kirkbride, KP

A review of impurity profiling and synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, amphetamine, dimethylamphetamine and p-methoxyamphetamine

Stojanovska, N Fu, S

Tahtouh, M Kelly, T

Beavis, A

Kirkbride, KP

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Forensic Science International, 2013, 224 (1-3), pp. 8 - 26
Issue Date:: 2013-01-10

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Stojanovska, N	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Fu, S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6238-3612	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Tahtouh, M	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Kelly, T https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8946-9686	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Beavis, A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-7699	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Kirkbride, KP	en_US
dc.date.available	2012-10-30	en_US
dc.date.issued	2013-01-10	en_US
dc.identifier.citation	Forensic Science International, 2013, 224 (1-3), pp. 8 - 26	en_US
dc.identifier.issn	0379-0738	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/31680
dc.description.abstract	Amphetamine-type substances (ATS), like other synthetically derived compounds, can be produced by a multitude of synthetic pathways using a variety of precursors and reagents, resulting in a large number of possible contaminants (by-products, intermediates and impurities). This review article describes the common contaminants found in preparations of methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine (AP), N,. N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA) and p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) synthesised via common synthetic pathways including reductive amination, Leuckart method, Nagai method, Emde method, Birch reduction, "Moscow" method, Wacker process, "Nitrostyrene" method and the Peracid oxidation method. Contaminants can facilitate identification of the synthetic route, origin of precursors and may suggest information as to the location of manufacture of these illicit drugs. Contaminant profiling can provide vital intelligence for investigations in which linking seizures or identifying the synthetic pathway is essential. This review article presents an accessible resource; a compilation of contaminants resulting from a variety of manufacturing methods used to synthesise the most common ATS. It is important for research in this field to continue as valuable information can be extracted from illicit drug samples, increasing discrimination amongst ATS, and in turn, leading to an increase in evidential value and forensic drug intelligence from forensic drug samples. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	en_US
dc.relation.ispartof	Forensic Science International	en_US
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.040	en_US
dc.subject.classification	Legal & Forensic Medicine	en_US
dc.title	A review of impurity profiling and synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, amphetamine, dimethylamphetamine and p-methoxyamphetamine	en_US
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	1-3	en_US
utslib.citation.volume	224	en_US
utslib.for	0399 Other Chemical Sciences	en_US
pubs.embargo.period	Not known	en_US
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science/School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - CCET - Centre for Clean Energy Technology
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - CFS - Centre for Forensic Science
utslib.copyright.status	closed_access
pubs.issue	1-3	en_US
pubs.publication-status	Published	en_US
pubs.volume	224	en_US

Abstract:

Amphetamine-type substances (ATS), like other synthetically derived compounds, can be produced by a multitude of synthetic pathways using a variety of precursors and reagents, resulting in a large number of possible contaminants (by-products, intermediates and impurities). This review article describes the common contaminants found in preparations of methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine (AP), N,. N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA) and p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) synthesised via common synthetic pathways including reductive amination, Leuckart method, Nagai method, Emde method, Birch reduction, "Moscow" method, Wacker process, "Nitrostyrene" method and the Peracid oxidation method. Contaminants can facilitate identification of the synthetic route, origin of precursors and may suggest information as to the location of manufacture of these illicit drugs. Contaminant profiling can provide vital intelligence for investigations in which linking seizures or identifying the synthetic pathway is essential. This review article presents an accessible resource; a compilation of contaminants resulting from a variety of manufacturing methods used to synthesise the most common ATS. It is important for research in this field to continue as valuable information can be extracted from illicit drug samples, increasing discrimination amongst ATS, and in turn, leading to an increase in evidential value and forensic drug intelligence from forensic drug samples. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:

http://hdl.handle.net/10453/31680