Antivenoms for the treatment of spider envenomation

Nicholson, GM; Graudins, A

Antivenoms for the treatment of spider envenomation

Nicholson, GM

Graudins, A

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Publication Type:: Journal Article
Citation:: Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews, 2003, 22 (1), pp. 35 - 59
Issue Date:: 2003-04-05

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Field	Value	Language
dc.contributor.author	Nicholson, GM https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-4296	en_US
dc.contributor.author	Graudins, A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-3983	en_US
dc.date.issued	2003-04-05	en_US
dc.identifier.citation	Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews, 2003, 22 (1), pp. 35 - 59	en_US
dc.identifier.issn	0731-3837	en_US
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10453/4596
dc.description.abstract	There are several groups of medically important araneomorph and mygalomorph spiders responsible for serious systemic envenomation. These include spiders from the genus Latrodectus (family Theridiidae), Phoneutria (family Ctenidae) and the subfamily Atracinae (genera Atrax and Hadronyche). The venom of these spiders contains potent neurotoxins that cause excessive neurotransmitter release via vesicle exocytosis or modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. In addition, spiders of the genus Loxosceles (family Loxoscelidae) are responsible for significant local reactions resulting in necrotic cutaneous lesions. This results from sphingomyelinase D activity and possibly other compounds. A number of antivenoms are currently available to treat envenomation resulting from the bite of these spiders. Particularly efficacious antivenoms are available for Latrodectus and Atrax/Hadronyche species, with extensive cross-reactivity within each genera. In the case of Latrodectus antivenoms this is of considerable importance in countries where antivenom is unavailable or where certain antivenoms are associated with an unacceptably high risk of adverse reactions. Moreover, Latrodectus and Atrax antivenoms appear to be effective in the treatment of envenomation by closely related Steatoda spiders (family Theridiidae) or the unrelated spider Missulena bradleyi (family Actinopodidae), respectively. The effectiveness of Loxosceles antivenom in the treatment of the necrotic arachnidism resulting from the bite of recluse spiders is less clear mainly due to late presentation of victims. Antivenom is also available for Phoneutria envenomation but is reserved only for severe cases.	en_US
dc.relation	http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP0346325
dc.relation.ispartof	Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews	en_US
dc.relation.isbasedon	10.1081/TXR-120019019	en_US
dc.subject.classification	Toxicology	en_US
dc.title	Antivenoms for the treatment of spider envenomation	en_US
dc.type	Journal Article
utslib.citation.volume	1	en_US
utslib.citation.volume	22	en_US
utslib.for	1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences	en_US
pubs.embargo.period	Not known	en_US
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Faculty of Science
pubs.organisational-group	/University of Technology Sydney/Strength - CHT - Health Technologies
utslib.copyright.status	open_access
pubs.issue	1	en_US
pubs.publication-status	Published	en_US
pubs.volume	22	en_US

Abstract:

There are several groups of medically important araneomorph and mygalomorph spiders responsible for serious systemic envenomation. These include spiders from the genus Latrodectus (family Theridiidae), Phoneutria (family Ctenidae) and the subfamily Atracinae (genera Atrax and Hadronyche). The venom of these spiders contains potent neurotoxins that cause excessive neurotransmitter release via vesicle exocytosis or modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. In addition, spiders of the genus Loxosceles (family Loxoscelidae) are responsible for significant local reactions resulting in necrotic cutaneous lesions. This results from sphingomyelinase D activity and possibly other compounds. A number of antivenoms are currently available to treat envenomation resulting from the bite of these spiders. Particularly efficacious antivenoms are available for Latrodectus and Atrax/Hadronyche species, with extensive cross-reactivity within each genera. In the case of Latrodectus antivenoms this is of considerable importance in countries where antivenom is unavailable or where certain antivenoms are associated with an unacceptably high risk of adverse reactions. Moreover, Latrodectus and Atrax antivenoms appear to be effective in the treatment of envenomation by closely related Steatoda spiders (family Theridiidae) or the unrelated spider Missulena bradleyi (family Actinopodidae), respectively. The effectiveness of Loxosceles antivenom in the treatment of the necrotic arachnidism resulting from the bite of recluse spiders is less clear mainly due to late presentation of victims. Antivenom is also available for Phoneutria envenomation but is reserved only for severe cases.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10453/4596